Life of Samuel Johnson, Vol. I — Part 18

[Page 252: The Adventurer.

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1753. ] 1753: ÆTAT.

44. --He entered upon this year 1753 with his usual piety, as appears from the following prayer, which I transcribed from that part of his diary which he burnt a few days before his death[741]: 'Jan.

1, 1753, N.

S.

which I shall use for the future.

'Almighty God, who hast continued my life to this day, grant that, by the assistance of thy Holy Spirit, I may improve the time which thou shall grant me, to my eternal salvation.

Make me to remember, to thy glory, thy judgements and thy mercies.

Make me so to consider the loss of my wife, whom thou hast taken from me, that it may dispose me, by thy grace, to lead the residue of my life in thy fear.

Grant this, O LORD, for JESUS CHRIST'S sake.

Amen.'

He now relieved the drudgery of his _Dictionary_, and the melancholy of his grief, by taking an active part in the composition of _The Adventurer_, in which he began to write April 10[742], marking his essays with the signature T[743], by which most of his papers in that collection are distinguished: those, however, which have that signature and also that of _Mysargyrus_, were not written by him, but, as I suppose, by Dr. Bathurst.

Indeed Johnson's energy of thought and richness of language, are still more decisive marks than any signature.

As a proof of this, my readers, I imagine, will not doubt that Number 39, on sleep, is his; for it not only has the general texture and colour of his style, but the authours with whom he was peculiarly conversant are readily introduced in it in cursory allusion.

The translation of a passage in Statius[744] quoted in that paper, and marked C. B.

has been erroneously ascribed to Dr. Bathurst, whose Christian name was Richard.

How much this amiable man actually contributed to _The Adventurer_, cannot be known.

Let me add, that Hawkesworth's imitations of Johnson are sometimes so happy, that it is extremely difficult to distinguish them, with certainty, from the compositions of his great archetype.

Hawkesworth was his closest imitator, a circumstance of which that writer would once have been proud to be told; though, when he had become elated by having risen into some degree of consequence, he, in a conversation with me, had the provoking effrontery to say he was not sensible of it[745].

[Page 253: A letter to Dr. Warton.

Ætat 44. ] Johnson was truly zealous for the success of _The Adventurer_; and very soon after his engaging in it, he wrote the following letter: 'TO THE REVEREND DR. JOSEPH WARTON.

'DEAR SIR, 'I ought to have written to you before now, but I ought to do many things which I do not; nor can I, indeed, claim any merit from this letter; for being desired by the authours and proprietor of _The Adventurer_ to look out for another hand, my thoughts necessarily fixed upon you, whose fund of literature will enable you to assist them, with very little interruption of your studies.

'They desire you to engage to furnish one paper a month, at two guineas a paper, which you may very readily perform.

We have considered that a paper should consist of pieces of imagination, pictures of life, and disquisitions of literature.

The part which depends on the imagination is very well supplied, as you will find when you read the paper; for descriptions of life, there is now a treaty almost made with an authour and an authouress; and the province of criticism and literature they are very desirous to assign to the commentator on Virgil.

'I hope this proposal will not be rejected, and that the next post will bring us your compliance.

I speak as one of the fraternity, though I have no part in the paper, beyond now and then a motto; but two of the writers are my particular friends, and I hope the pleasure of seeing a third united to them, will not be denied to, dear Sir, 'Your most obedient, 'And most humble servant, 'SAM.

JOHNSON.'

'March 8, 1753.' The consequence of this letter was, Dr. Warton's enriching the collection with several admirable essays.

[Page 254: Bathurst's papers in the Adventurer.

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1753. ] Johnson's saying 'I have no part in the paper beyond now and then a motto,' may seem inconsistent with his being the authour of the papers marked T. But he had, at this time, written only one number[746]; and besides, even at any after period, he might have used the same expression, considering it as a point of honour not to own them; for Mrs. Williams told me that, 'as he had _given_ those Essays to Dr. Bathurst, who sold them at two guineas each, he never would own them;

nay, he used to say he did not _write_ them: but the fact was, that he _dictated_ them, while Bathurst wrote.'

I read to him Mrs. Williams's account; he smiled, and said nothing[747].

[Page 255: Mrs. Lennox.

Ætat 45. ] I am not quite satisfied with the casuistry by which the productions of one person are thus passed upon the world for the productions of another.

I allow that not only knowledge, but powers and qualities of mind may be communicated; but the actual effect of individual exertion never can be transferred, with truth, to any other than its own original cause.

One person's child may be made the child of another person by adoption, as among the Romans, or by the ancient Jewish mode of a wife having children born to her upon her knees, by her handmaid.

But these were children in a different sense from that of nature.

It was clearly understood that they were not of the blood of their nominal parents.

So in literary children, an authour may give the profits and fame of his composition to another man, but cannot make that other the real authour.

A Highland gentleman, a younger branch of a family, once consulted me if he could not validly purchase the Chieftainship of his family, from the Chief who was willing to sell it.

I told him it was impossible for him to acquire, by purchase, a right to be a different person from what he really was; for that the right of Chieftainship attached to the blood of primogeniture, and, therefore, was incapable of being transferred.

I

added, that though Esau sold his birth-right, or the advantages belonging to it, he still remained the first-born of his parents; and that whatever agreement a Chief might make with any of the clan, the Herald's Office could not admit of the metamorphosis, or with any decency attest that the younger was the elder; but I did not convince the worthy gentleman.

Johnson's papers in _The Adventurer_ are very similar to those of _The Rambler_; but being rather more varied in their subjects, and being mixed with essays by other writers, upon topicks more generally attractive than even the most elegant ethical discourses, the sale of the work, at first, was more extensive.

Without meaning, however, to depreciate _The Adventurer_, I must observe that as the value of _The Rambler_ came, in the progress of time, to be better known, it grew upon the publick estimation, and that its sale has far exceeded that of any other periodical papers since the reign of Queen Anne.

In one of the books of his diary I find the following entry: 'Apr.

3, 1753. I began the second vol. of my Dictionary, room being left in the first for Preface, Grammar, and History, none of them yet begun.

'O GOD, who hast hitherto supported me, enable me to proceed in this labour, and in the whole task of my present state; that when I shall render up, at the last day, an account of the talent committed to me, I may receive pardon, for the sake of JESUS CHRIST.

Amen.'

He this year favoured Mrs. Lennox[748] with a Dedication[*] to the Earl of Orrery, of her _Shakspeare Illustrated_.

[Page 256: The Life of Edward Cave.

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1754. ] 1754: ÆTAT.

45. --IN 1754 I can trace nothing published by him, except his numbers of _The Adventurer_, and 'The Life of Edward Cave,'[*] in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February.

In biography there can be no question that he excelled, beyond all who have attempted that species of composition; upon which, indeed, he set the highest value.

To the minute selection of characteristical circumstances, for which the ancients were remarkable, he added a philosophical research, and the most perspicuous and energetick language.

Cave was certainly a man of estimable qualities, and was eminently diligent and successful in his own business[749], which, doubtless, entitled him to respect.

But he was peculiarly fortunate in being recorded by Johnson, who, of the narrow life of a printer and publisher, without any digressions or adventitious circumstances, has made an interesting and agreeable narrative[750].

The _Dictionary_, we may believe, afforded Johnson full occupation this year.

As it approached to its conclusion, he probably worked with redoubled vigour, as seamen increase their exertion and alacrity when they have a near prospect of their haven.

[Page 257: Lord Chesterfield's neglect.

] [Page 258: Lord Chesterfield's flattery.

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1754. ] Lord Chesterfield, to whom Johnson had paid the high compliment of addressing to his Lordship the _Plan_ of his _Dictionary_, had behaved to him in such a manner as to excite his contempt and indignation.

The world has been for many years amused with a story confidently told, and as confidently repeated with additional circumstances[751], that a sudden disgust was taken by Johnson upon occasion of his having been one day kept long in waiting in his Lordship's antechamber, for which the reason assigned was, that he had company with him; and that at last, when the door opened, out walked Colley Gibber; and that Johnson was so violently provoked when he found for whom he had been so long excluded, that he went away in a passion, and never would return.

I remember having mentioned this story to George Lord Lyttelton, who told me, he was very intimate with Lord Chesterfield; and holding it as a well-known truth, defended Lord Chesterfield, by saying, that 'Gibber, who had been introduced, familiarly by the back-stairs, had probably not been there above ten minutes.'

It may seem strange even to entertain a doubt concerning a story so long and so widely current, and thus implicitly adopted, if not sanctioned, by the authority which I have mentioned; but Johnson himself assured me, that there was not the least foundation for it.

He told me, that there never was any particular incident which produced a quarrel between Lord Chesterfield and him; but that his Lordship's continued neglect was the reason why he resolved to have no connection with him[752].

When the _Dictionary_ was upon the eve of publication, Lord Chesterfield, who, it is said, had flattered himself with expectations that Johnson would dedicate the work to him[753], attempted, in a courtly manner, to sooth, and insinuate himself with the Sage, conscious, as it should seem, of the cold indifference with which he had treated its learned authour; and further attempted to conciliate him, by writing two papers in _The World_[754], in recommendation of the work; and it must be confessed, that they contain some studied compliments, so finely turned, that if there had been no previous offence, it is probable that Johnson would have been highly delighted[755].

Praise, in general, was pleasing to him; but by praise from a man of rank and elegant accomplishments, he was peculiarly gratified.

His Lordship says, 'I think the publick in general, and the republick of letters in particular, are greatly obliged to Mr. Johnson, for having undertaken, and executed, so great and desirable a work.

Perfection is not to be expected from man; but if we are to judge by the various works of Johnson[756] already published, we have good reason to believe, that he will bring this as near to perfection as any man could do.

The _Plan_ of it, which he published some years ago, seems to me to be a proof of it.

Nothing can be more rationally imagined, or more accurately and elegantly expressed.

I therefore recommend the previous perusal of it to all those who intend to buy the _Dictionary,_ and who, I suppose, are all those who can afford it.'

* * * * * 'It must be owned, that our language is, at present, in a state of anarchy, and hitherto, perhaps, it may not have been the worse for it.

During our free and open trade, many words and expressions have been imported, adopted, and naturalized from other languages, which have greatly enriched our own.

Let it still preserve what real strength and beauty it may have borrowed from others; but let it not, like the Tarpeian maid, be overwhelmed and crushed by unnecessary ornaments[757].

The time for discrimination seems to be now come.

[Page 259: Lord Chesterfield's flattery.

Ætat 45. ] 'Toleration, adoption, and naturalization have run their lengths.

Good order and authority are now necessary.

But where shall we find them, and, at the same time, the obedience due to them?

We must have recourse to the old Roman expedient in times of confusion, and chuse a dictator.

Upon this principle, I give my vote for Mr. Johnson to fill that great and arduous post.

And I hereby declare, that I make a total surrender of all my rights and privileges in the English language, as a free-born British subject, to the said Mr. Johnson, during the term of his dictatorship.

Nay more, I will not only obey him, like an old Roman, as my dictator, but, like a modern Roman, I will implicitly believe in him as my Pope, and hold him to be infallible while in the chair, but no longer.

More than this he cannot well require; for, I presume, that obedience can never be expected, when there is neither terrour to enforce, nor interest to invite it.'

* * * * * 'But a Grammar, a Dictionary, and a History of our Language through its several stages, were still wanting at home, and importunately called for from abroad.

Mr. Johnson's labours will now, I dare say[758], very fully supply that want, and greatly contribute to the farther spreading of our language in other countries.

Learners were discouraged, by finding no standard to resort to; and, consequently, thought it incapable of any.

They will now be undeceived and encouraged.'

This courtly device failed of its effect[759].

Johnson, who thought that 'all was false and hollow[760],' despised the honeyed words, and was even indignant that Lord Chesterfield should, for a moment, imagine that he could be the dupe of such an artifice.

His expression to me concerning Lord Chesterfield, upon this occasion, was, 'Sir, after making great professions[761], he had, for many years, taken no notice of me; but when my _Dictionary_ was coming out, he fell a scribbling in _The World_ about it.

Upon which, I wrote him a letter expressed in civil terms, but such as might shew him that I did not mind what he said or wrote, and that I had done with him[762].'

[Page 260: Johnson's spelling.

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1754. ] This is that celebrated letter of which so much has been said, and about which curiosity has been so long excited, without being gratified.

I for many years solicited Johnson to favour me with a copy of it[763], that so excellent a composition might not be lost to posterity.

He delayed from time to time to give it me[764]; till at last in 1781, when we were on a visit at Mr. Dilly's, at Southill in Bedfordshire, he was pleased to dictate it to me from memory[765].

He afterwards found among his papers a copy of it, which he had dictated to Mr. Baretti, with its title and corrections, in his own handwriting.

This he gave to Mr. Langton; adding that if it were to come into print, he wished it to be from that copy.

By Mr. Langton's kindness, I am enabled to enrich my work with a perfect transcript[766] of what the world has so eagerly desired to see.

[Page 261: Johnson's letter to Lord Chesterfield.

Ætat 45. ] 'TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF CHESTERFIELD.

'February 7, 1755. 'MY LORD, 'I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of the World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the publick, were written by your Lordship.

To be so distinguished, is an honour, which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.

'When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address; and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself _Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre_[767];--that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it.

When I had once addressed your Lordship in publick, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess.

I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.

'Seven years, my Lord, have now past, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance[768], one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour.

Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before.

'The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.

'Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?

The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it[769]; till I am known, and do not want it.

I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the Publick should consider me as owing that to a Patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.

[Page 263: His high opinion of Warburton.

Ætat 45. ] 'Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning[770], I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation.

'My Lord, 'Your Lordship's most humble, 'Most obedient servant, 'SAM.

JOHNSON[771].'

'While this was the talk of the town, (says Dr. Adams, in a letter to me) I happened to visit Dr. Warburton, who finding that I was acquainted with Johnson, desired me earnestly to carry his compliments to him, and to tell him, that he honoured him for his manly behaviour in rejecting these condescensions of Lord Chesterfield, and for resenting the treatment he had received from him, with a proper spirit.

Johnson was visibly pleased with this compliment, for he had always a high opinion of Warburton[772].

Indeed, the force of mind which appeared in this letter, was congenial with that which Warburton himself amply possessed[773].'

[Page 264: For 'garret' read 'patron.'

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1754. ] There is a curious minute circumstance which struck me, in comparing the various editions of Johnson's imitations of Juvenal.

In the tenth Satire, one of the couplets upon the vanity of wishes even for literary distinction stood thus: 'Yet think[774] what ills the scholar's life assail, 'Pride[775], envy, want, the _garret_, and the jail.'

But after experiencing the uneasiness which Lord Chesterfield's fallacious patronage made him feel, he dismissed the word _garret_ from the sad group, and in all the subsequent editions the line stands 'Pride, envy, want, the _Patron_[776], and the jail.'

[Page 265: Defensive pride.

Ætat 45. ] That Lord Chesterfield must have been mortified by the lofty contempt, and polite, yet keen satire with which Johnson exhibited him to himself in this letter, it is impossible to doubt.

He, however, with that glossy duplicity which was his constant study, affected to be quite unconcerned.

Dr. Adams mentioned to Mr. Robert Dodsley that he was sorry Johnson had written his letter to Lord Chesterfield.

Dodsley, with the true feelings of trade, said 'he was very sorry too; for that he had a property in the _Dictionary_, to which his Lordship's patronage might have been of consequence.'

He then told Dr. Adams, that Lord Chesterfield had shewn him the letter.

'I should have imagined (replied Dr. Adams) that Lord Chesterfield would have concealed it.'

'Poh!

(said Dodsley) do you think a letter from Johnson could hurt Lord Chesterfield?

Not at all, Sir.

It lay upon his table, where any body might see it.

He read it to me; said, "this man has great powers," pointed out the severest passages, and observed how well they were expressed.'

This air of indifference, which imposed upon the worthy Dodsley, was certainly nothing but a specimen of that dissimulation which Lord Chesterfield inculcated as one of the most essential lessons for the conduct of life[777].

His Lordship endeavoured to justify himself to Dodsley from the charges brought against him by Johnson; but we may judge of the flimsiness of his defence, from his having excused his neglect of Johnson, by saying that 'he had heard he had changed his lodgings, and did not know where he lived;' as if there could have been the smallest difficulty to inform himself of that circumstance, by inquiring in the literary circle with which his Lordship was well acquainted, and was, indeed, himself one of its ornaments.