Canada: The Empire of the North — From 1820 to 1867, part 3

Affairs had gone faster in Quebec.

There the rebellion almost became war.

Papineau was leader of the agitators,--Papineau, fiery, impetuous, eloquent, followed by the bold boys in the bonnets blue, marching the streets of Montreal singing revolutionary songs and planting liberty trees.

In Lower Canada, too, things have come to the pass where the agitators advocate armed resistance.

From the first, in Quebec, the struggle has waged round two questions,--the exclusion of the French from the council, and the right of the colony to spend its own revenues; but boil down the ninety-two resolutions of 1834, and the demands {428} of the agitators in Lower Canada are the same as in Upper Canada, for complete self-government.

A dozen clashes of authority lead up to the final outbreak.

For instance, the House elects Papineau, the agitator, speaker.

The Governor General refuses to recognize him, and Parliament is dissolved.

Failing to obtain redress by constitutional methods, the agitators now advocate the right of a colony to abolish government unsuited to it.

The constitutional party takes alarm and organizes volunteers.

Papineau's party, early in 1837, begin violently advocating that all French magistrates resign their commissions from the English government.

On Richelieu River and up in Two Mountains, north of Montreal, are the strongholds of the agitators, where men have been drilling, and the boys in the bonnets blue rioting through the villages to the great scandal of parish priests.

[Illustration: LOUIS J. PAPINEAU]

There are riots in Montreal early in November of 1837, and "the Sons of Liberty" are chased through the town.

Then in the third week of November a troop of Montreal cavalry is sent to St. John's to arrest three agitators, who have been threatening a magistrate for refusing to resign his commission.

The agitators are arrested and handcuffed, and at three in the morning the troops are moving along across country towards Longueuil with the prisoners in a wagon, when suddenly three hundred armed men rise on either side of the road to the fore.

Shots are exchanged.

In the confusion the prisoners jump from the wagon.

This is not resistance to authority.

It is open rebellion.

Papineau intrusts the management of affairs in St. Eustache, north of Montreal, to Girod, a Swiss, and to {429} Dr. Chenier, a local patriot.

Papineau himself and Dr. Nelson and O'Callaghan are down on the Richelieu at St. Denis.

Take the Richelieu region first.

Colonel Gore is to strike up the river southward to St. Denis.

Colonel Wetherell is to cross country from Montreal and strike down the river north to St. Charles, thus hemming in the insurgents between Gore on the north and himself on the south.

There are eight hundred rebels at St. Denis, one hundred and fifty armed, and twelve hundred at St. Charles.

Papineau and O'Callaghan for safety's sake slip across the line to Swanton in Vermont.

One could wish that, having led their faithful followers up to the sticking point of stark madness, the agitators had remained shoulder to shoulder with the brave fellows on the field.

Colonel Gore came from Montreal by boat to the mouth of the Richelieu.

At seven-thirty on the night of November 22 two hundred and fifty troopers landed to march up the Richelieu road to St. Denis.

Rain turning to sleet was falling in a deluge.

The roads were swimming knee-deep in slush.

Bridges had been cut, and in the darkness the loyalists had to diverge to fording places, which lengthened out the march twenty-four miles.

At St. Denis was Dr. Nelson with the agitators in a three-story stone house, windows bristling with muskets.

By dawn Papineau and O'Callaghan had fled, and at nine o'clock came Colonel Gore's loyalist troopers, exhausted from the march, soaked to the skin, their water-sagged clothes freezing in the cold wind.

The loyalists went into the fight unfed, and with a whoop; but it is not surprising that the peppering of bullets from the windows drove the troopers back, and Gore's bugles sounded retreat.

Unaware of Gore's defeat, one Lieutenant Weir has been sent across country with dispatches.

He is captured and bound, and, in a futile attempt to escape, shot and stabbed to death.

Wetherell comes down the river from Chambly with three hundred men.

He finds St. Charles village protected by outworks of felled trees, and the houses are literally loopholed with muskets; but Wetherell has brought cannon along, and the cannon begin to sing on November 25. Then Wetherell's {430} men charge through the village with leveled bayonets.

The poor habitants scatter like frightened sheep; they surrender; one hundred perish.

It is estimated that on both sides three hundred are wounded, though some English writers give the list of wounded as low as forty.

Messengers galloped with news of the patriots' defeat at St. Charles to Dr. Nelson at St. Denis.

The habitants fled to their homes.

Nelson was left without a follower.

He escaped to the woods, and for two weeks wandered in the forests of the boundary, exposed to cold and hunger, not daring to kindle a fire that would betray him, afraid to let himself sleep for fear of freezing to death.

He was captured near the Vermont line and carried prisoner to Montreal.

[Illustration: SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1838-1841] And still worse fared the fortunes of war with the patriots north of Montreal.

Their defense and defeat were almost pitiable in childish ignorance of what war might mean.

Boys' marbles had been gathered together for bullets.

Scythes were carried as swords, and old flintlocks that had not seen service for twenty years were taken down from the chimney places.

With their bonnets blue hanging down their backs, rusty firearms over their shoulders, and the village fiddler leading the march, one thousand "Sons of Liberty" had paraded the streets of St. Eustache, singing, rollicking, speechifying, unconscious as {431} children playing war that they were dancing to ruin above a volcano.

Chenier, the beloved country doctor, is their leader.

Girod, the Swiss, has come up to show them how to drill.

They take possession of a newly built convent.

Then on Sunday, the 3d of December, comes word of the defeat down on the Richelieu.

The moderate men plead with Chenier to stop now before it is too late; but Chenier will not listen.

He knows the cause is right, and with the credulity or faith of a simple child hopes some mad miracle will win the day.

Still he is much moved; tears stream down his face.

Then on December 14 the church bells ring a crazy alarm.

The troops are coming, two thousand of them from Montreal under Sir John Colborne, the governor.

The insurgent army melts like frost before the sun.

Less than one hundred men stand by poor Chenier.

At eleven-thirty the troops sweep in at both ends of the village at once, Girod, the Swiss commander, suicides in panic flight.

Cooped up in the church steeple with the flames mounting closer round them and the troopers whooping jubilantly outside, Chenier and his eighty followers call out: "We are done!

We are sold!

Let us jump!"

Chenier jumps from the steeple, is hit by the flying bullets, and perishes as he falls.

His men cower back in the flaming steeple till it falls with a crash into the burning ruins.

Amid the ash heap are afterwards found the corpses of seventy-two patriots.

The troopers take one hundred prisoners in the region, then set fire to all houses where loyalist flags are not waved from the windows.

Matters have now come to such an outrageous pass that the British government can no longer ignore the fact that the colony has been goaded to desperation by the misgovernment of the ruling clique.

Lord Durham is appointed special commissioner with extraordinary powers to proceed to Canada and investigate the whole subject of colonial government.

One may guess that the ruling clique were prepared to take possession of the new commissioner and prime him with facts favorable to their side; but Durham was not a man to be monopolized by any faction.

{432} When he arrived, in May of 1838, he quickly gave proof that he would follow his own counsels and choose his own councilors.

His first official declaration was practically an act of amnesty to the rebels, eight only of the leading prisoners, among them Dr. Nelson, being punished by banishment to Bermuda, the rest being simply expelled from Canada.

This act was tantamount to a declaration that the rebels possessed some rights and had suffered real grievances, and the governing rings in both Toronto and Quebec took furious offense.

Complaints against Durham poured into the English colonial office,--complaints, oddly enough, that he had violated the spirit of the English Constitution by sentencing subjects of the Crown without trial.

Though every one knew that in Canada's turbulent condition trial by jury was impossible, Durham's political foes in England took up the cry.

In addition to political complaints were grudges against Durham for personal slight;

and it must be confessed the haughty earl had ridden roughshod over all the petty prejudices and little dignities of the colonial magnates.

The upshot was, Durham resigned in high dudgeon and sailed for England in November of 1838. [Illustration: LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838] On his way home he dictated to his secretary, Charles Buller, the famous report which is to Canada what the Magna Charta is to England or the Declaration of Independence to the United States.

Without going into detail, it may be said that it {433} recommended complete self-government for the colonies.

As disorders had again broken out in Canada, the English government hastened to embody the main recommendations of Durham's report in the Union Act of 1840, which came into force a year later.

By it Upper and Lower Canada were united on a basis of equal representation each, though Quebec's population was six hundred thousand to Ontario's five hundred thousand.

The colonies were to have the entire management of their revenues and civil lists.

The government was to consist of an Upper Chamber appointed by the Crown for life, a representative assembly, and the governor with a cabinet of advisers responsible to the assembly.

In all, more than seven hundred arrests had been made in Quebec Province.

Of these all were released but some one hundred and thirty, and the state trials resulted in sentence of banishment against fifty, death to twelve.

In modern days it is almost impossible to realize the degree of fanatical hatred generated by this half century of misgovernment.

Declared one of the governing clique's official newspapers in Montreal: "Peace must be maintained, even if we make the country a solitude.

French Canadians must be swept from the face of the earth.

.

.

.

The empire must be respected, even at the cost of the entire French Canadian people."

With such sentiments openly uttered, one may surely say that the Constitutional Act of 1791 turned back the pendulum of Canada's progress fifty years, and it certainly took fifty more years to eradicate the bitterness generated by the era of misgovernment.

With the Upper and Lower Canadas united in a federation of two provinces, it was a foregone conclusion that all parts of British North America must sooner or later come into the fold.

It would be hard to say from whom the idea of confederation of all the provinces first sprang.

Purely as a theory the idea may be traced back as early as 1791. The truth is, Destiny, Providence, or whatever we like to call that great stream of concurrent events which carries men and nations out to the ocean {434} highway of a larger life, forced British North America into the Confederation of 1867. In the first place, while the Union worked well in theory, it was exceedingly difficult in practice.

Ontario and Quebec had equal representation.

One was Protestant, the other Catholic; one French, the other English.

Deadlocks, or, to use the slang of the street, even tugs of war, were inevitable and continual.

All Ontario had to do to thwart Quebec, or Quebec had to do to thwart Ontario, was to stand together and keep the votes solid.

Coalition ministries proved a failure.

In the second place, Ontario was practically dependent on the customs duties collected at Quebec ports of entry for a provincial revenue.

The goods might be billed for Ontario; Quebec collected the tax.

Ontario was also dependent on Quebec for access to the sea.

Which province was to pay for the system of canals being developed, and the deepening of the St. Lawrence?

Then the Oregon Treaty of 1846 had actually brought a cloud of war on the horizon.

In case of war, there was the question of defense.

Then railways had become a very live question.

Quebec wanted connection with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

How was the cost of a railroad to be apportioned?

Red River was agitating for freedom from fur-trade monopoly.

How were railways to be built to Red River?

Ontario's population in twenty years jumped past the million mark.

Was it fair that her million people should have only the same number of representatives as Quebec with her half million?

Reformers of Ontario, voiced by George Brown of _The Globe_, called for "Rep. by Pop.

,"--representation by population.

Civil war was raging in the United States, threatening to tear the Union to tatters.

Why?

Because the balance of power had been left with the states governments, and not enough authority centralized in the federal government.

The lesson was not lost on struggling Canada.

{435} England's declaration of free trade brought the colonies face to face with the need of some united action to raise revenue by tariff.

Then the Hudson's Bay Company's license of monopoly over the fur trade of the west was nearing expiration.

Should the license be renewed for another twenty years, or should Canada take over Red River as a new province, which was the wish of the people both east and west?

And if Canada did buy out the Hudson's Bay Company's vested rights, who was to pay down the cost?

[Illustration: JOHN A. MACDONALD]

Lastly, was John A. Macdonald, the young lawyer who had pleaded the defense of the patriot trials at Kingston in 1838, now a leading politician of the United Canadas, weary of the hopeless deadlocks between Ontario and Quebec.

With almost a sixth sense of divination in reading the signs of the times in the trend of events, John A. Macdonald saw that Canada's one hope of becoming a national power lay in union,--confederation.

The same thing was seen by other leaders of the day, by all that grand old guard known as the Fathers of Confederation, sent from the different provinces to the conference at Quebec in October of 1864. There the outline of what is known as the British North America Act was drafted,--in the main but an amplification of Durham's scheme, made broad enough to receive all {436} the provinces whenever they might decide to come into Confederation.

The delegates then go back to be indorsed by their provinces.

By some provinces the scheme is rejected.

Newfoundland is not yet part of Canada, but by 1867 Confederation is an accomplished fact.

By 1871 the new Dominion has bought out the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company in the West and Manitoba joins the Eastern Provinces.

By 1885 a railway links British Columbia with Nova Scotia.

By 1905 the great hunting field of the Saskatchewan prairies has been divided into two new provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta, each larger than France.

Such is barest outline of Canada's past.

What of the future for this Empire of the North?

That future is now in the making.

It lies in the hands of the men and women who are living to-day.

In the past Canada's makers dreamed greatly, and they dared greatly, and they took no heed of impossibles, and they spent without stint of blood and happiness for high aim.

When Canada lost ground in the progress of the nations, as in the corrupt days of Bigot's rule during the French régime, or the equally corrupt days of _the family compact_ after the Conquest, it was because the altar fires of her ideals were allowed to burn low.

It has been said that the past is but a rear light marking the back trail of the ship's passage.

Say rather it is the search light on the ship's prow, pointing the way over the waters.

[Illustration: FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867. (From the painting by Robert Hariss)] To-day Canada is in the very vanguard of the nations.

Her wheat fields fill the granaries of the world; and to her ample borders come the peoples of earth's ends, bringing tribute not of incense and frankincense as of old, but of manhood and strength, of push and lift, of fire and hope and enthusiasm and the daring that conquers all the difficulties of life; bringing too, all the outworn vices of an Old World, all the vicious instincts of the powers that prey in the Under World.

Canada's prosperity is literally overflowing from a cornucopia of super-abundant plenty.

Will her constitution, wrested from political and civil strife; will her moral stamina, bred from the heroism of an heroic past, stand the strain, the tremendous strain of the {437} new conditions?

Will she assimilate the strange new peoples--strange in thought and life and morals--coming to her borders?

Will she eradicate their vices like the strong body of a healthy constitution throwing off disease; or will she be poisoned by the toxins of vicious traits inherited from centuries of vicious living?

Will she remake the men, regenerate the aliens, coming to her hearth fire; or will they drag her down to their degeneracy?

Above all, will she stand the strain, the tremendous strain, of prosperity, and the corruption that is attendant on prosperity?

_Quien sabe_?

Let him answer who can; and the question is best answered by watching the criminal calendar.

(Is the percentage of convictions as certain and relentless as under the old régime?

What manner of crimes is growing up in the land?

) And the question may be answered, too, by watching whether the press and platform and pulpit stand as everlastingly and relentlessly for sharp demarkation between right and wrong, for the sharp demarkation between truth, plain truth, and intentional mendacity, as under the régime of the old hard days.

When political life grows corrupt, is it now cleansed, or condoned?

Let each Canadian answer for himself.

If the altar fires of Canada's ideals again burn low, again she will lag in the progress of the world's great builders.

{439} INDEX

NOTE.

In all names of persons, names have been spelled as signed by the person; in names of places, as written in early state documents.

In all other cases the rulings of the Canadian Geographic Board have been followed, with the exception of _Montagnais_, which is given _Montaignais_, _Tadousac_ as _Tadoussac_, _Saut_ as _Sault_, _Louisbourg_ as _Louisburg_, _Denys_ as _Denis_.

Abenaki Indians, 171, 192, 193 Abercrombie, 252, 256, 258, 259 Acadia, 40, 41, 61, 64, 65, 69, 70, 192, 196, 197, 204, 214, 216, 220, 231, 233, 235, 236, 241 Agona, 19 Alaska, 321, 324 Albanel, Father, 143, 144 Albany, 97, 153, 159, 160, 162 Alberta, 297, 436 Alexander, 208 Alexander, Sir William, 61 Algonquin Indians, 52, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108 Allen, Ethan, 298 Allumette Island, 51, 52 Alymer, 50 Amherst, 236 Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 252, 253, 256, 261, 268, 274, 277 André, Mademoiselle, 122 Annapolis, 200, 201, 215, 231 Annapolis Basin, 35, 37, 44, 61, 65, 67, 69, 177 Anticosti Island, 12, 134, 177 Appleton, Colonel, 197 Argall, Samuel, 43, 44, 61 Arnold, Benedict, 300-309 Astor, John Jacob, 294, 330, 333 Astoria, 333, 379 Athabasca, 324, 327, 390, 391, 398, 399, 401, 402 Aubert, 7 Aubry, 34, 35, 36, 44, 236 Aulneau, 208, 209 Bad River, 329, 330 Balboa, 6 Barclay, Captain, 363, 364 Barré, Charlotte, 78 Basin of Mines, 195 Basques, 44, 45, 46, 58 Basset, 195 Bathurst, Lord, 411 Bay of Islands, 10 Bayly, Governor, 144, 187 Beaubassin, 195, 236 Beauharnois, Governor, 206 Beaujeu, 141 Beauport, 269, 275 Beaupré, 19 Beauséjour, 231, 236 Beaver Dams, 362 Bella Coola, 330 Belle Isle, 10, 19, 20 Belle Isle Straits, 10, 12 Bering, Vitus, 212 Berkeley, Admiral, 335, 336 Biard, Father, 41, 42, 44 Biencourt, 34, 40, 42, 61 Bigot, Intendant, 241-247, 274 Black Rock, 369 Blackwater River, 330 Blanc Sablon, 10, 11, 12 Bloody Brook, 202 Boerstler, Lieutenant, 360, 362 Bona Vista, 5, 8 Bonaventure, 195 Boscawen, 226, 234, 252, 256 Boston, 66, 194, 195, 203, 216 Boucher, 394 Bougainville, 243, 261, 270 Bouquet, 287, 288, 289, 290 Bourgeoys, Marguerite, 117 Bourlamaque, 243, 262 Braddock, General, 226-230 Bradstreet, General, 260, 287, 288 Brant, Joseph, 310, 315 Bras d'Or Lakes, 7 Brébeuf, Jean de, 71, 80, 82-90 Bridgar, 149 British Columbia, 323, 436 Brock, Isaac, 338-348, 363 Brockville, 349 Brown, George, 371, 434 Brulé, Etienne, 48, 50, 52-57, 83, 127 Buffalo, 369, 371 Buller, Charles, 432 Burlington Heights, 365, 372 Burton, Colonel, 272 Cabot, John, 3-7, 26, 61 Cabot, Sebastian, 5 Cadillac, La Motte, 119, 124, 163, 165, 205 Caldwell, General, 412 California, 319, 408 Cameron, Duncan, 389, 391 Campbell, Captain, 285 Cape Breton, 5, 6, 7, 38, 43, 61, 62, 65, 124, 204, 214, 215 Cape Cod, 30, 37 Cape Diamond, 13, 19, 45, 80 Cape Rouge, 19, 22 Cape Sable, 61, 65 Garden, Major, 299 Carillon, 50 Carleton, 62 Carleton, Sir Guy, 279, 280, 281, 298-312 Carterett, George, 114 Cartier, Jacques, 7-22, 33, 40, 45, 77, 79 Casson, Dollier de, 121, 126, 128, 130 Castle Island, 10 Catalina, 8 Chaleur, Bay of, 11, 188 Chambly, Fort, 125 Champlain, Lake, 47, 203, 237, 242, 298, 299, 378 Champlain, Madame, 57 Champlain, Samuel, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48-60, 77, 80, 82, 83, 115 Chandler, 356, 357, 359 Charity Island, 92 Charles II, 114, 115 Charlottetown, 314 Charlton Island, 156, 160, 161 Charnisay, Sieur d'Aulnay de, 65-69 Chasteaufort, Marc Antoine de, 115 Château Bay, 10 Chateauguay River, 368, 369 Chatham, 279 Chats Rapids, 51 Chaudière Falls, 50, 104 Chauncey, 349, 351-356, 366 Chenier, Dr. , 429, 431 Chicago Portage, 133 Chignecto, 231 Chippewa, 371, 372, 373 Chippewyan, Fort, 325, 402 Chomedey, Paul de, 75 Christian Islands, 92, 99 Chrysler's Farm, 367 Church, Ben, 195 Churchill, Fort, 297, 318, 319 Clark, Lieutenant, 175 Clark, William, 310, 330 Clarke, John, 391, 398, 401, 402 Cobequid, 236 Cocking, Matthew, 297 Coffin, John, 306 Colborne, Sir John, 431 Columbia River, 321-323 Columbus, 3, 6 Contrecoeur, 230 Cook, James, 263, 319-321 Coppermine River, 296 Cornwallis, Edward, 221, 232 Cortereal, Caspar, 6 Courcelle, Governor, 125, 126 Craig, Governor, 336, 337 Cree Indians, 103, 110, 112, 208, 210, 386 Crèvecoeur, Fort, 138, 139 Cumberland, 236 Dablon, 132 D'Ailleboust, Louis, 78, 79, 115, 119, 120, 172 Dalzell, 285 Daniel, Father, 27, 84, 87 D'Anville, Duke, 220 D'Argenson, 110, 115 Dauversière, Jérôme le Royer de la, 74, 117 D'Avaugour, 111, 115 Davis, 30 Davost, Father, 84 Dearborn, General, 353, 356 Deerfield, 193, 195 De Mezy, 115 De Monts, Sieur, 33-37, 40, 44, 45, 48 Denis, 7 Denonville, Marquis de, 163, 164, 167, 168 De Salaberry, 368, 369 Detroit, 93, 205, 276, 286, 291, 310, 338, 339, 340, 363 De Troyes, Chevalier, 157, 158, 159, 160 Dieskau, Baron, 226, 237, 240 Digge's Island, 154 Dinwiddie, Governor, 224 Dobbs, Captain, 376 Dochet Island, 35 Dog Rib Indians, 326 Dollard, Adam, 107, 108, 109, 110 Don Quadra, 322 Donnacona, 13, 18, 19 Douglas, Fort, 386, 387, 390, 391, 393, 395-397 Douglas, Governor, 408 Drake, Sir Francis, 26, 27 Drew, 426 Drucourt, 253 Drummond, Sir Gordon, 369, 370, 372, 374, 376, 377, 378 Du Chêne, Lake, 50, 105 Duchambon, 219 Ducharme, 362 Duluth, 112, 146, 163, 165 Duluth, Daniel G. , 118, 124, 205 Duncombe, Dr. , 424, 425 Dupuis, Major, 98 Duquesne, Fort, 224, 226, 227, 228, 252, 260 Duquesne, Marquis, 224 Durell, 261 Durham, Lord, 431, 432 Duval, 46 Egg Islands, 203 Elizabeth, Queen, 26 Elliott, Lieutenant, 343, 344 Eric, Earl, 1 Erie, Fort, 344, 376, 377 Erie, Lake, 129, 130, 131, 137, 341, 349 Ermatinger, Judge, 424 Etherington, Major, 286 Evans, 344 Fidler, Peter, 389 Findley, 295 Fitzgibbons, 357, 359, 360, 362, 373, 421, 422 Fleury, 42, 43 Fontaine, Marguerite, 170 Fontaine, Sieur Pierre, 170 Forbes, John, 260 Forsyth, 353 Franklin, Benjamin, 309 Fraser, Simon, 330, 331, 332 Fraser River, 330, 331, 332 French Bay, 35 French River, 53, 54 Frenchman's Bay, 42 Freneuse, Madame, 195, 196, 202 Frobisher, Martin, 25, 30 Frontenac, Count, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 150, 167, 171, 176-188 Frontenac, Fort, 135, 136, 137, 141, 163, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 252, 260 Fundy, Bay of, 35, 42, 62, 63, 66 Funk Island, 9 Gâlet, 170 Galinée, 129, 130, 131 Garry, Nicholas, 406 Gaspé, 11, 12, 32, 124, 177, 256 Gatineau, 50, 104 George, Fort, 342, 344, 348, 355, 356, 360, 372 George, Lake, 240, 242 Georgian Bay, 54, 83, 84, 92 Gibraltar, Fort, 386, 387 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 25-29 Gilbert du Thet, 42, 43 Gillam, Ben, 148, 149, 150 Gillam, Captain, 144, 145, 149 Gillam, Zechariah, 113 Gillam's Island, 148 Girod, 428, 431 Gladwin, 284 Glen Rae, Dr. , 407, 408 Glenn, 174 Goat Island, 44 Gore, Colonel, 429 Gorham, 248 Gourlay, Robert, 415, 416, 417 Grand Pré, 231, 236, 241 Grant, Cuthbert, 390, 391, 394 Gray, Robert, 321-323 Great Lakes, 53, 71 Green, Henry, 31 Green, Piper, 387 Green Bay, 93, 103, 105, 132 Greenland, 1, 2, 5 Griguet, 9 Grimmington, 154 Groseillers, Chouart, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 Groseillers, Medard Chouart de, 85, 98-115, 118, 144-153 Gudrid, 1, 2, 3 Gulf of Mexico, 140, 141 Gulf Stream, 6 Gull Island, 9 Ha-Ha Bay, 9 Haldimand, General, 311, 312 Halifax, 231, 232, 233, 248, 317 Hamilton, 129 Hampton, General, 367, 368 Harrison, General, 363 Harvey, 357, 358 Haverhill, 198 Hayes River, 148, 385 Head, Sir Francis, 421 Hearne, Samuel, 296, 297, 318, 319 Hebert, Louis, 44, 57 Hebert, Madame, 79 Hendry, Anthony, 243, 295 Hennepin, Louis, 137, 138, 139 Henry, Alexander, 286, 287 Henry, John, 337 Henry VII, 3, 4 Hertel, François, 174, 175 Hill, Jack, 202, 203 Hochelaga, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 Holmes, Admiral, 269 Horton, 236 Hudson, Henry, 30, 31, 32, 49 Hudson Bay, 30, 32, 103, 110, 113, 115, 134, 143, 144, 146, 148, 161, 162, 164, 191, 204, 318, 406 Hudson River, 30 Hudson Straits, 30 Hull, 338-340 Hume, 420 Hume, Captain, 154 Huron, Lake, 54 Huron Indians, 46, 48, 52-57, 82-93, 98, 108-110, 126 Iberville, 157-163, 165, 172, 174, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188 Iberville, Châteauguay, 183 Iceland, 3 Ihonateria, 84 Illinois Indians, 133, 138, 163, 189 Illinois River, 133, 139 Iroquois Indians, 46-48, 52-57, 78, 79, 86, 87-102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 125, 128-130, 135, 162-171, 183, 204 Island of Orleans, 13 Isle of Demons, 10, 20, 21 Jacqueline, Frances Marie, 67 Jalobert, Captain, 12, 19 James Bay, 30, 31, 113, 144, 158 Jogues, Father, 85, 94, 97 Johnson, William, 237, 240 Jolliet, Louis, 118, 130, 132-134, 139, 146, 152, 177, 205 Jolliet, Madame, 183 Joseph, Louis, 243 Juett, 30 Jumonville, 225 Kaministiquia, 139, 143, 205, 207 Kidd, Captain, 150 King's Cove, 5 Kingston, 135, 260, 354, 370, 427 Kirke, David, 58, 60, 63 Kirke, Gervaise, 58, 63 Kirke, Louis, 58, 63 Kirke, Mary, 114, 115, 145 Kirke, Thomas, 58, 63 La Barre, 140, 150, 163, 168 La Bonté, 170 Labrador, 1, 6, 7, 10, 30, 46, 121, 143, 147 Lachine Rapids, 17 La Fléche, Father, 41 La Fôrest, 146 Lake of the Woods, 112 Lalemant, 88, 89, 90 La Martinière, 153 La Monnerie, Lieutenant de, 171 Lamont, 19 La Motte, Admiral, 226 La Naudière, M. de, 171 Langdale, 287 La Peltrie, Madame de, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 La Pérouse, Admiral, 318, 319 La Place, 298 La Reine, Fort de, 211 La Roche, Marquis de, 23-25, 40 La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 19, 118, 128-142, 146, 205 La Saussaye, 42 La Tour, Charles de, 61-69 La Tour, Claude de, 63, 64 La Tour, Madame Charles de, 67-69 Laurentian Hills, 50 Lauson, 75 Lauzon, Jean de, 98, 115 Lauzon-Charny, Charles de, 115 Laval, Bishop, 122 La Vérendrye, Jean, 207-209 La Vérendrye, Jemmeraie, 206-208 La Vérendrye, Pierre Gauthier, 206-212 Lawrence, Colonel, 231, 233, 234, 235, 253 Le Bers, 172 Le Breton, Captain, 12 Le Caron, Joseph, 52, 53 Le Chesnaye, 146, 150, 157 Leif, 1 Le Jeune, Pierre, 79, 80, 81, 82 Le Loutre, Louis Joseph, 213-216, 220, 231, 232, 241, 278 Le Moyne, Charles, 108, 118, 126, 146, 157 Le Moyne, Father, 98 Le Moyne, Maricourt, 157-161, 172, 173, 179, 182 Le Moyne, Ste.

Helène, 157-159, 172, 173, 179, 182 Le Moyne, Sérigny, 183, 184, 187 Lery, Baron de, 7, 24 Lescarbot, Marc, 37-40, 63 Leslie, Captain, 286 Lévis, Chevalier de, 243, 245, 246, 249, 250, 267, 274 Lewis, 330 Lewiston, 342-348, 369 Long Sault Rapids, 108 Long Saut, 50 Lorette mission, 93 Loudon, Earl, 243, 248, 252 Louisburg, 215, 216, 218, 220, 234, 241, 248, 252 Louisiana, 140 Lount, 424, 427 Lundy's Lane, 373-375 Macdonald, John A. , 427, 435 MacDonell, Miles, 381, 385, 388-390, 396, 397 McDonnell, 368, 369 M'Donnell, 350 Macdonnell, Major, 346, 348 Macdillivray, William, 380, 381 Mackay, Alexander, 327, 328 McKay, Tom, 407 MacKenzie, Alexander, 324-331, 380, 398 Mackenzie, Roderick, 325, 327 MacKenzie, William Lyon, 420-426 MacKenzie River, 327 Mackinac, Straits of, 105 McLean, Hector, 300, 387 McLoughlin, Dr. John, 407, 409 McNab, Allan, 422, 424-426 Magellan, 6 Maine, 42, 192, 204, 310 Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 75-79, 108, 118, 119, 120 Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 415, 417, 418 Mance, Jeanne, 76, 78, 117 Mandanes, 211 Manitoba, 436 Manitoulin Island, 84, 93 Maquinna, 322 March, Colonel, 196, 197 Marco Polo, 3 Marie of the Incarnation, 72-74 Marquette, Father, 118, 132, 133, 134, 205 Martin, Abraham, 44, 57 Mascarene, Paul, 201, 202, 215 Mascoutin Indians, 132, 138 Massacre Island, 209 Massé, Father, 42 Matonabbee, 296, 297, 319 Mattawa, 52 Matthews, 414, 415, 427 Meares, 321 Meigs, Fort, 363 Membertou, Henry, 38, 39, 41, 42 Meneval, 177 Mercer, Colonel, 247 Miami, Fort, 284 Michigan, 339 Michigan, Lake, 103, 133 Michilimackinac, 137, 276, 286, 310, 339, 379 Micmac Indians, 220 Midland, 54 Mingan, 12 Minnesota, 205, 208 Miquelon, 204, 277 Miramichi Indians, 10, 11, 256 Mississippi River, 106, 128, 133, 139, 141 Missouri River, 133, 139, 211 Mohawk River, 127 Monckton, 231, 234-235, 261, 265, 270 Monro, Lieutenant, 250 Montaignais Indians, 6, 10, 46, 81, 82 Montana, 212 Montcalm, Marquis de, 44, 243-250, 257, 265-269, 271, 273 Montgomery, Richard, 300-308 Montmagny, Charles de, 71, 72, 74, 76-78, 115 Montmorency, 13 Montreal, 16, 48-51, 72-78, 94, 107, 108, 117, 120, 165, 191, 267, 274-302, 340, 367, 400, 427, 428 Moon, Captain, 162 Moose Factory, 153, 157, 158 Moraviantown, 365, 366 Mount Desert, 42, 44 Mount Royal, 49, 78 Murray, Lord John, 234, 235, 258, 261, 270, 274, 277-280 Muskoka, 84 Nelson, Dr. , 429, 430, 432 Nelson, Port, 152, 153, 183, 185, 384 Nelson River, 148, 385 Nepigon, 206 New Brunswick, 10, 62-65, 204, 220, 312, 313, 434 New Caledonia, 406, 407 New Hampshire, 172 New York, 97, 165, 221 Newfoundland, 5-7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 30, 183, 184, 204 Niagara, 129, 267, 316, 340, 351, 369, 370, 379 Nicholson, Francis, 198-203 Nicolet, Jean, 71, 103, 127 Nipissing Indians, 51, 53 Nipissing Lake, 51, 53, 103 Noel, 19 Nootka, 320-322 Norsemen, 2 Nova Scotia, 1, 34, 35, 61, 220, 312, 317, 379, 434, 436 O'Callaghan, 429 Ochagach, Chief, 206 Ochiltree, Lord, 62 Ogden, 407 Ogdensburg, 350 Ohio River, 128, 130, 133, 224, 226, 241 Olier, Jean Jacques, 75, 76 Onondaga, Lake,98 Onondagas, 55, 98, 99, 100 Ontario, 84, 127, 312, 315, 316, 338, 349 Ontario, Lake, 54, 57, 127, 129, 134, 349 Oregon, 406, 407 Orleans Island, 13, 76 Oswego, 247, 250 Ottawa, 46 Ottawa Indians, 51 Ottawa River, 17, 49, 51, 52, 57, 86 Papineau, 427-429 Parliament Hill, 50, 104 Parry Sound, 54 Parsnip River, 328 Passamaquoddy, 195 Pays d'en Haut, 182 Peace River, 326, 327 Péan, Madame, 245 Peguis, Chief, 392, 393, 395 Penetang, 54, 83, 85 Pepperrell, William, 216, 219 Pepys, Samuel, 153 Peré, Jan, 130, 132, 152-159 Perrot, Nicholas, 132, 163 Perry, 349 Phips, Sir William, 176-178, 182 Pierre, 80, 81, 82 Pierre, Fort, 208 Pike, 353, 354 Pitt, Fort, 290 Pittsburg, 224, 228, 260 Place d'Armes, 79 Place Royale, 48 Placentia, 183 Plenderleath, Major, 358 Poncet, Père, 94, 97 Pontgravé, 32-38, 42, 45, 71 Pontiac, 276, 281, 286, 291, 292 Port Dover, 131 Port Royal, 35-44, 57, 61, 64-70, 114, 191, 194, 202 Port Royal Basin, 198 Port Stanley, 130 Portland, Me.

, 171, 175 Portneuf, 175 Poutrincourt, Baron de, 34-42 Powell, 416, 417 Presqu' Isle, 276, 284, 348, 363 Preston, Major, 300 Prevost, Sir George, 349, 370, 376, 378, 410, 411 Primeau, Louis, 297 Prince Edward Island, 214, 215, 232, 256, 312, 314 Procter, 363, 365, 366 Puget Sound, 322 Quebec, 13, 17, 44, 45, 52, 57, 59, 60, 63, 71-82, 94, 107, 117, 156, 168, 171, 178-188, 202, 232, 252, 260-275, 276-309, 316, 317, 412, 432, 434, 435 Queenston Heights, 342-347, 352, 360, 372 Quesnel, 331 Quinte, Bay of, 127 Quirpon, 9 Radisson, Pierre Esprit, 95, 96, 98-115, 118, 144-154, 205 Ragueneau, Father, 91-93, 99, 100 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 25, 26, 30 Ramezay, 271 Rasle, Père, 213 Rat, 164, 165 Razilli, Isaac, 65 Red River, 381, 388-392 Riall, 374 Richelieu, Cardinal, 57, 58, 65 Richelieu River, 46, 48, 125, 429 Richmond, Duke of, 417, 418, 419 Richmond Gulf, 30 Rideau River, 50, 104 Robertson, Colin, 380-383, 390, 391, 393, 396, 400-403 Roberval, Marguerite, 20, 21 Roberval, Sieur de, 18-23, 40 Rogers, Robert, 242, 276, 281, 285 Rolph, Dr. , 421-425 Ross, 407 Rouville, Hertel de, 193, 194, 198 Rupert, 32, 153 Rupert River, 113, 115, 161 Rupert's Fort, 158, 161 Sable Island, 7, 23, 65, 114, 220 Sackett's Harbor, 370 Saguenay, 12, 22, 32, 73, 113 St. Anne de Beaupré, 120 St. Anthony, Falls of, 139 St. Charles, Fort, 208 St. Charles River, 13, 14, 15, 17, 429, 430 St. Denys, 65, 71 St. Eustache, 430 St. Francis, Lake, 129 St. Helen's Island, 49, 77 St. Ignace, 85, 88, 89, 91 St. Jean Ba'tiste, 85 St. John, Fort, 65, 67, 70 St. John River, 35, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 St. John's, 19, 26, 28, 300 St. Joseph, 85, 87, 88, 284 St. Joseph Island, 92 St. Lawrence River, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 46, 71, 73, 126 St. Louis, 61, 85, 88, 89, 91, 292 St. Louis, Lake, 129 St. Lusson, 132 St. Malo, 43 St. Mary's Bay, 34, 36, 236 St. Peter, Lake, 15, 71 St. Pierre, 204, 224, 277, 279, 280, 281 St. Thomas Town, 413 St. Vallière, Bishop, 122 Ste.

Anne's, 49 Ste.

Croix River, 35, 37, 44, 310 Ste.

Marie Mission, 85-92 Saint-Castin, Baron de, 175, 195, 197, 200, 201, 202 Salmon Falls, 174, 175 San Francisco, 407, 408 Sandusky, 276, 313 Sandwich Islands, 321 Sargeant, Governor, 155, 156, 159, 160 Saskatchewan, 212, 243, 297, 401, 403, 436 Sault Ste.

Marie, 106, 132, 378 Saunders, 261, 269 Schenectady, 173, 174 Schuyler, Captain, 176 Scott, Hercules, 373, 374 Secord, James, 360 Secord, Laura, 360-362 Sedgwick, Major, 70 Selkirk, 385 Selkirk, Lord, 317, 380, 381, 384, 388, 390, 396, 397, 398, 400 Semple, Robert, 390, 392, 393, 394 Seven Oaks, 394, 399 Sheaffe, General, 346, 347, 354 Sherbrooke, Sir John, 412, 417 Simcoe, Lake, 54, 84, 85 Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor, 316, 412 Simpson, Sir George, 406 Sioux Indians, 103 Skraelings, 1 Smithsend, 154 Smyth, 348 Sorcerer Indians, 51 Sorel, Dame, 146 Sorel, Fort, 125 Stadacona, 13 Staring Hairs, 53 Stobo, Robert, 268 Stony Creek, 357, 358 Stopford, Major, 300 Stuart, 331 Subercase, 197-200 Superior, Lake, 85, 112 Susquehanna Indians, 54 Swanton, Vt.

, 429 Sylvie, 157 Tadoussac, 32, 34, 44, 58, 63, 73, 74, 94, 134, 177 Talbot, Tom, 413 Talon, Jean, 123-125, 128, 132, 136, 143 Tecumseh, 339, 363 Tessouat, Chief, 51 Texas, 141 Thomas, General, 309 Thompson, David, 332, 333 Thornstein, 1, 2 Thorwald, 1 Three Rivers, 71, 82, 83, 94, 95, 98, 107, 113, 124, 206, 277 Ticonderoga, Fort, 242, 249, 252, 256, 260, 298 Tobacco Indians, 85, 93 Tonty, Henry, 137-141 Toronto, 351, 353, 355, 415, 420, 422, 423, 432 Townshend, 261, 265, 270 Tracy, Marquis de, 125, 126 Trent River, 54 Trinity River, 141 Truro, 236 Twin Cities, 139 Twin Mountains Lake, 49 Ungava Bay, 30 Van Egmond, 421, 422, 424 Van Rensselaer, 342-348 Van Shoultz, 427 Vancouver, George, 319, 321-323 Vancouver Island, 320-322 Vaudreuil, Governor de, 193, 197, 243, 262, 274 Vaughan, 216 Verchéres, Jared of, 198 Verchères, M. de, 169 Verchères, Madame de, 169 Vergor, 231 Vermont, 429, 430 Verrazano, 7 Vetch, Colonel, 198, 201 Victoria, 409 Vignau, Nicholas, 49-51, 127 Vikings, 1 Ville Marie, 78 Vimont, Father, 73, 77, 78 Vincent, General, 355, 356, 358, 359 Vinland, 1, 2, 3 Walker, Sir Hovender, 202, 203 Warren, 219 Washington, George, 224, 229, 260, 310 Webb, General, 250 Weir, Lieutenant, 429 Wetherell, Colonel, 429 Wilkinson, 367, 368 William, Fort, 112, 397, 398, 399 William of Orange, 165, 166 Williams, William, 403 Winchester, General, 363 Winder, 356, 357, 358 Winnipeg, 210, 387, 394 Winnipeg Lake, 208 Winthrop, 176 Wisconsin, 106 Wisconsin River, 132 Wolfe, James, 44, 252-257 Wye River, 85, 88, 89, 92 Yeo, Sir James, 358, 366, 377 York Fort, 384, 385 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

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