Jesus of History — Chapter VII - Jesus' Teaching upon Sin

JESUS' TEACHING UPON SIN

"For clear-thinking ethical natures," writes a modern scholar, "for natures such as those of Jesus and St. Paul, it is a downright necessity to separate heaven and hell as distinctly as possible.

It is only ethically worthless speculations that have always tried to minimize this distinction.

Carlyle is an instance in our times of how men even to-day once more enthusiastically welcome the conception of hell as soon as the distinction between good and bad becomes all-important to them."

[26] Here in strong terms a challenge is put to many of our current ideas.

Is not this to revert to an outworn view of the Christian religion--to reassert its dark side, better forgotten, all the horrible emphasis on sin and its consequences introduced into the sunny teaching of Jesus by Paul of Tarsus, and alien to it?

Before we answer this question in any direct way, it is worth while to realize for how many of the real thinkers, and the great teachers of mankind, this distinction between good and evil has been fundamental.

They have not invented it as a theory on which to base religion, but they have found it in human life, one and all of them.

If Walt Whitman or Swami Vivekananda overlook the difference between virtue and vice, and do honour to the courtesan, it simply means that they are bad thinkers, bad observers.

The deeper minds see more clearly and escape the confusion into which the slight and quick, the sentimental, hurl themselves.

Above all, when God in any degree grows real to a man, when a man seriously gives himself not to some mere vague "contemplation" of God but to the earnest study of God's ways in human affairs, and of God's laws and their working, the great contrasts in men's responses to God's rule become luminous.

When God matters to a man, all life shows the result.

Good and bad, right and wrong stand out clear as the contrast between light and darkness--they cannot be mistaken, and they matter--and matter for ever.

They are no concern of a moment.

Action makes character; and, until the action is undone again, the effect on character is not undone.

Right and wrong are of eternal significance now in virtue of the reality of God.

Gautama Buddha, for instance, and the greater Hindu thinkers, in their doctrine of Karma, have taught a significance inherent in good and evil, which we can only not call boundless.

Buddha did this without any great consciousness of God; and many Indian thinkers have so emphasized the doctrine that it has taken all the stress laid on "Bhakti" by Ramanuja and others to restore to life a perspective or a balance, however it should be described, that will save men from utter despair.

Nor is it Eastern thinkers only who have taught men the reality of heaven and hell.

The poetry of Aeschylus is full of his great realization of the nexus between act and outcome.

With all the humour and charm there is in Plato, we cannot escape his tremendous teaching on the age-long consequences of good and evil in a cosmos ordered by God.

Carlyle, in our own days, realized the same thing--he learnt it no doubt from his mother; and learnt it again in London.

In Mrs. Austen's drawing-room, with "Sidney Smith guffawing," and "other people prating, jargoning, to me through these thin cobwebs Death and Eternity sate glaring."

"How will this look in the Universe," he asks, "and before the Creator of Man?"

When someone in his old age challenged him with the question, "Who will be judge?"

--(it is curious how every sapient inanity strikes, as on an original idea, on the notion that opinions differ, and therefore--apparently, if their thought has any consequence--are as good one as another)--Who will be judge?

"Hell fire will be judge," said Carlyle, "God Almighty will be the judge now and always."

There is a gulf between good and evil, and each is inexorably fertile of consequence.

There is no escaping the issue of moral choice.

That is the conclusion of men who have handled human experience in a serious spirit.

As physical laws are deducible from the reactions of matter and force, and are found to be uniform and inevitable, fundamental in the nature of matter and force, so clear-thinking men in the course of ages have deduced moral laws from their observation of human nature, laws as uniform, inevitable and fundamental.

In neither case has it been that men invented or imagined the laws; in both cases it has been genuine discovery of what was already existent and operative, and often the discovery has involved surprise.

If Jesus had failed to see laws so fundamental, which other teachers of mankind have recognized, it is hardly likely that his teaching would have survived or influenced men as it has done.

Mankind can dispense with a teacher who misses patent facts, whatever his charm.

But there never was any doubt that Jesus was alive to the difference between right and wrong.

His critics saw this, but they held that he confused moral issues, and that his distinctions in the ethical sphere were badly drawn.

Jesus could not have ignored the problem of sin and forgiveness, even if he had wished to ignore it.

To this the thought of mankind had been gravitating, and in Jewish and in Greek thought, conduct was more and more the centre of everything.

For the Stoics morals were the dominant part of philosophy; but for our present purpose we need not go outside the literature of the New Testament.

Sin was the keynote of the preaching of John the Baptist.

It is customary to connect the mission of Jesus with that of John, and to find in the Baptist's preaching either the announcement of his Successor (as is said with most emphasis in the Fourth Gospel), or (as some now say) the impulse which drove Jesus of Nazareth into his public ministry.

Whatever may be the historical connexion between them, it is as important for us at least to realize the broad gulf that separates them.

They meet, it is true; both use the phrase "Kingdom of God," both preach repentance in view of the coming of the Kingdom; and we are apt to assume they mean the same thing; but Jesus took some pains to make it clear, though in the gentlest and most sympathetic way, that they did not.

On the famous occasion, when John the Baptist sent two of his disciples to Jesus with his striking message: "Art thou he that should come?

or look we for another?"

(Luke 7:19-35; Matt.

11:1-19), Jesus, when the messengers were gone, spoke to the people about the Baptist.

"What went ye out into the wilderness for to see?

A reed shaken with the wind?

A man clothed in soft raiment?

A prophet?

Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a prophet.

Among those that are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptist, but he that is least in the Kingdom of God is greater than he."

I am not sure which is the right translation, whether it is "he that is less, least, or little," and I do not propose to discuss it.

The judgement is remarkable enough in any case, and the words of Jesus, as we have seen, have a close relation to real fact as he saw it.

Why does he speak in this way?

Our answer to this question, if we can answer it, will help us forward to the larger problem before us.

But, for this, we shall have to study John with some care.

There is a growing agreement among scholars that there is some confusion in our data as to John the Baptist.

There are gaps in the record--for instance, how and why did the school of John survive as it did (Acts 18:25, 19:1-7)?

And again there are, in the judgement of some, developments of the story.

The Gospel, with varying degrees of explicitness, and St. Paul by inference (Acts 19:4) tell us that John pointed to "him which should come after him."

Christians, at any rate, after the Resurrection, had no doubt that this was Jesus.

Whether John was as definite as the narratives now represent him to have been, has been doubted in view of his message to Jesus.

But that is not our present subject.

We are concerned less with John as precursor than as teacher and thinker.

Even if our data are defective, still enough is given us to let us see a very striking and commanding figure.

We have a picture of him, his dress, his diet, his style of speech, his method of action--in every way he is a signal and arresting man.

The son of a priest, he is an ascetic, who lives in the wilderness, dresses like a peasant, and eats the meanest and most meagre of food--a man of the desert and of solitude.

And the whole life reacts on him and we can see him, lean and worn, though still a young man, a keen, rather excitable spirit--in every feature the marks of revolt against a civilization which he views as an apostasy.

Luke, using a phrase from the Old Testament, says, "The word of God came upon John in the wilderness" (Luke 3:2).

Luke leans to Old Testament phrase, and here is one that hits off the man to the very life.

Jesus himself confirms Luke's judgement (Mark 11:29-33).

The Word of the Lord has come on this ascetic figure, and he goes to the people with the message; he draws their attention and they crowd out to see him.

He makes a great sensation.

He is not like other men--for Jesus quotes their remark that "he had a devil" (Luke 7:33)--a rough and ready way of explaining unlikeness to the average man.

When he sees his congregation his words are not conciliatory; he addresses them as a "generation of vipers" (Luke 3:7); and his text is the "wrath to come."

Jesus asks whether they went out to see a reed shaken by the wind, or someone dressed like a courtier--the last things to which anyone would compare John.

There was nothing supple about him, as Herod found, and Herodias (Mark 6:17-20); he was not shaken by the wind;

there was no trimming of his sails.

The austerity of his life and the austerity of his spirit go together, and he preached in a tone and a language that scorched.

He preached righteousness, social righteousness, and he did it in a great way.

He brought back the minds of his people, like Amos and others, to God's conceptions and away from their own.

Crowds of people went out to hear him (Mark 1:5).

And he made a deep impression on many whose lives needed amendment (Matt.

21:26, 32; Luke 20:6).

[27] We have the substance of what he said in the third chapter of St. Luke; how he told the tax-collectors to be honest and not make things worse than they need be; the soldiers to do violence to no man and accuse no man falsely, and to be content with their wages; and to ordinary people he preached humanity: "He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none; and he that hath meat, let him do likewise."

It may be remarked of John, and it is true also of Jesus, that neither attacked the absent nor inveighed against economic conditions, as some modern preachers do with, let us say, capitalists and the morality of other nations.

Neither says a word against the Roman Empire.

Slavery is not condemned explicitly even by Jesus, though he gave the dynamic that abolished it.

The practical guidance that John gave, he gave in response to men's inquiries.

Like an Old Testament prophet (cf.

Amos 3:2), John tore to tatters any plea that could be offered that his listeners were God's chosen people, the children of Abraham.

Does God want children of Abraham?

--John pointed to the stones on the ground, and said, if God wanted, he could make children of Abraham out of them; a word and he could have as many children of Abraham as he wished.

It was something else that God sought.

"John," writes the historian Josephus a generation later, "was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue both in justice toward one another and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism;

for so baptism would be acceptable to God if they made use of it, not to excuse certain sins, but for the purification of the body, provided that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness."

[28] This interpretation of John's baptism makes it look very like the baptisms and other purificatory rites of the heathen.

The Gospels attribute to John a message, richer and more powerful, but essentially the same; and the criticism of Jesus confirms the account.

The great note in his preaching is judgement;

the Kingdom of God is coming, and it begins with judgement.

Again, it is like Amos--"The axe is at the root of the tree," "His fan is in His hand."

And as men listened to the man and looked at him--his intense belief in his message, backed up by a stern self-discipline, a whole life inspired, infused by conviction--they believed this message of the axe, the fan, and the fire.

They asked and as we have seen received his guidance on the conduct of life; they accepted his baptism, and set about the amending of character (Matt.

21:32).

Jesus makes it quite clear that he held John to be an entirely exceptional man, and that he had no doubt that John's teaching was from God (Matt.

21:32; Luke 7:35, 20:4; and, of course, Luke 7:26-28).

It was all in the line of the great prophets; and the Fourth Gospel shows it us once more in the work of the Holy Spirit--"when he is come, he will reprove (convict) the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgement" (John 16:8).

And yet, as Jesus says, there is all the difference in the world between his own Gospel and the teaching of the Baptist.

In Mark's narrative (2:18) a very significant episode is recorded.

John inculcated fasting, and his disciples fasted a great deal ("pykna", Luke 5:33); and once, Mark tells us, when they were actually fasting, they asked Jesus why his disciples did not do the same?

Jesus' answer is a little cryptic at first sight.

"Can the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them?"

Who fasts at the wedding feast, in the hour of gladness?

And then he passes on to speak about the new patch on the old garment, the new wine in the old wine skins; and it looks as if it were not merely a criticism of John's disciples but of John himself.

John, indeed, brings home with terrific force and conviction that truth of God which the prophets had preached before; but he leaves it there.

He emphasizes once more the old laws of God, the judgements of God, but he brings no transforming power into men's lives.

The old characters, the old motives more or less, are to be patched by a new fear.

"Repent, repent," John cries, "the judgement is coming."

And men do repent, and John baptises them as a symbol that God has forgiven them.

But how are they to go on?

What is the power that is to carry John's disciples through the rest of their lives?

We are not in possession of everything that John says, but there is no indication that John had very much to say about any force or power that should keep men on the plane of repentance.

It is our experience that we repent and fall again; what else was the experience of the people whom John baptised?

What was to keep them on the new level--not only in the isolation of the desert, but in the ordinary routine of town and village?

In John's teaching there is not a word about that; and this is a weakness of double import.

For, as Jesus puts it, the new patch on the old garment makes the rent worse; it does not leave it merely as it was.

If the "unclean spirit" regain its footing in a man, it does not come alone--"the last state of that man is worse than the first" (Luke 11:24-26).

Jesus is very familiar with the type that welcomes new ideas and new impulses in religion and yet does nothing, grows tired or afraid, and relapses (Mark 4:17).

Again, in John's teaching, as far as we have it, there is a striking absence of any clear word about any relation to God, beyond that of debtor and creditor, judge and prisoner on trial, king and subject.

God may forgive and God will judge; but so far as our knowledge of John's teaching goes, these are the only two points at which man and God will touch each other; and these are not intimate relations.

There is no promise and no gladness in them; no "good news."

John taught prayer--all sorts of people teach prayer; but what sort of prayer?

It has been remarked of the Greek poet, Apollonius Rhodius, that his heroes used prayers, but their prayers were like official documents.

Of what character were the prayers that John taught his disciples?

None of them survive; but there is perhaps a tacit criticism of them in the request made to the New Teacher: "Teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples" (Luke 11:1).

One feels that the men wanted something different from John's prayers.

Great and strenuous prayers they may have been, but in marked contrast to the prayers of Jesus and his followers, because of the absence in John's message of any strong note of the love and tenderness of God.

Finally, the very righteousness that John preaches with such fire and energy is open to criticism.

Far more serious than the righteousness of the Pharisees, stronger in insight and more generous in its scope, it fails in the same way; it is self-directed.

It aims at a man's own salvation, and it is to be achieved by a man's own strength in self-discipline, with what little help John's system of prayer and fasting may win for a man from God.

John fails precisely where his strength is greatest and most conspicuous.

His theme is sin; his emphasis all falls on sin;

but his psychology of sin is insufficient, it is not deep enough.

The simple, strenuous ascetic did not realize the seriousness of sin after all--its deep roots, its haunting power, its insidious charm.

St. Paul saw far deeper into it "I am carnal, sold under sin.

What I hate that do I. The good that I would, I do not; but the evil which I would not, that I do.

I see a law in my members bringing me into captivity to the law of sin.

O wretched man that I am!

Who shall deliver me from the body of this death?"

(Rom.

7:14-24).

Sin, in John's thought, is contumacy or rebellion against the law of God; he does not look at it in relation to the love of God--a view of it which gives it another character altogether.

Nor has John any great conception of forgiveness--a man, he thinks, may win it by "fruits worthy of repentance" (Luke 3:8).

Here again Paul is the pioneer in the universal Christian experience that fruits of repentance can never buy God's forgiveness.

That is God's gift.

That forgiveness may cost a man much--an amended life, the practices of prayer and fasting and almsgiving--John conceives; but we are not led to think that he thought of what it might cost God.

John has no evangel, no really good news, with gladness and singing in it (1 Peter 1:8).

When we return to the teaching of Jesus, we find that he draws a clear and sharp line between right and wrong.

He indicates that right is right to the end of all creation, and wrong is wrong up to the very Judgement Throne of God (Matt.

25).

He views these things, as the old phrase puts it, "sub specie aeternitatis", from the outlook of eternity.

Right and wrong do not meet at infinity.

There is no higher synthesis that can make them one and the same thing.

Everything with Jesus is Theocentric, and until God changes there will be no very great change in right and wrong.

Partly because he uses the language of his day, partly because he thinks as a rule in pictures, his language is apt to be misconstrued by moderns.

But the central ideas are clear enough.

"How are you to escape the judgement of Gehenna?"

he asks the Pharisees (Matt.

23:33; the subjunctive mood is worth study).

It is not a threat, but a question.

There yawns the chasm; with your driving, how do you think you can avoid disaster?

He warns men of a doom where the worm dies not and the fire is not quenched; a man will do well to sacrifice hand, foot or eye, to save the rest of himself from that (Mark 9:43-48).

But a more striking picture, though commonly less noticed, he draws or suggests in talk at the last supper.

"Simon, Simon, behold Satan asked for you to sift you as wheat, but I prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not; and thou, when thou comest back, strengthen thy brethren" (Luke 22:31, 32).

The scene suggested is not unlike that at the beginning of the Book of Job, or that in the Book of Zechariah (chap.

3).

There is the throne of God, and into that Presence pushes Satan with a demand--the verb in the Greek is a strong one, though not so strong as the Revised Version suggests.

Satan "made a push to have you."

"But I prayed for thee."

To any reader who has any feeling or imagination, what do these short sentences mean?

What can they mean, from the lips of a thinker so clear and so serious, and a friend so tender?

What but unspeakable peril?

The language has for us a certain strangeness;

but it shows plainly enough that, to Jesus' mind, the disciples, and Peter in particular, stood in danger, a danger so urgent that it called for the Saviour's prayer.

So much it meant to him, and he himself tells Peter what he had realized, what he had done, in language that could not be mistaken or forgotten.

To the nature of the danger that sin involves, we shall return.

Meanwhile we may consider what Jesus means by sin before we discuss its consequences.

"The Son of Man," says Jesus, in a sentence that is famous but still insufficiently studied, "is come to seek and to save that which is lost" (Luke 19:10).

Our rule has been to endeavour to give to the terms of Jesus the connotation he meant them to carry.

The scholar will linger over the "Son of Man"--a difficult phrase, with a literary and linguistic history that is very complicated.

For the present purpose the significant words are at the other end of the sentence.

What does Jesus mean by "lost"?

It is a strong word, the value of which we have in some degree lost through familiarity.

And whom would he describe as "lost"?

We have once more to recall his criticism of Peter--that Peter "thought like a man and not like God" (Mark 8:33)--and to be on our guard lest we think too quickly and too slightly.

We may remark, too, that for Jesus sin is not, as for Paul and theologians in general, primarily an intellectual problem.

He does not use the abstraction Sin as Paul does.

But the clear, steady gaze turned on men and women misses little.

There are four outstanding classes, whom he warns of the danger of hell in one form or other.

To begin, there is the famous description of the Last Judgement (Matt.

25:31-46)--a description in itself not altogether new.

Plenty of writers and thinkers had described the scene, and the broad outlines of the picture were naturally common property; yet it is to these more or less conventional traits that attention has often been too exclusively devoted.

Jesus, however, altered the whole character of the Judgement Day scene by his account of the principles on which the Judge decides the cases brought before him.

On the right hand of the Judge are--not the Jews confronting the Gentiles on the left--nor exactly the well-conducted and well-balanced people who get there in Greek allegories--but a group of men and women who realize where they are with a gasp of surprise.

How has it come about?

The Judge tells them: "I was an hungered and ye gave me meat," and the rest of the familiar words.

But this does not quite settle the question.

Embarrassment rises on their faces--is it a mistake?

One of them speaks for the rest: "Lord, when saw we thee an hungered and fed thee?"

They do not remember it.

There is something characteristic there of the whole school of Jesus; these people are "children of fact," honest as their Master, and they will not accept heaven in virtue of a possible mistake.

And it appears from the Judge's answer that such instinctive deeds go further than men think, even if they are forgotten.

Wordsworth speaks of the "little nameless unremembered acts of kindness and of love" that are "the best portion of a good man's life."

[29] The acts of kindness were forgotten just because they were instinctive, but, Jesus emphasizes the point, they are decisive; they come, as another of his telling phrases suggests, from "the overflow of the heart," and they reveal it.

With the people on the left hand it was the other way.

They were fairly well in possession of their good records, but they had missed the decisive fact--they were instinctively hard.

Such people Jesus warns.

So familiar are his words that there is a danger of our limiting them to their first obvious meaning.

Eighty years ago Thomas Carlyle looked out on the England he knew, and remarked that it was strange that the great battle of civilized man should be still the battle of the savage against famine, and with that he observed that the people were "needier than ever of inward sustenance."

Is there a warning in this picture of the people on the left hand that applies to deeper things than physical hunger?

A

warning to those who do not heed another's need of "inward sustenance," of spiritual life, of God?

It looks likely.

Otherwise there is a risk of our declining upon a "Social Righteousness" that falls a long way short of John the Baptist's, and does less for any soul, our own or another's. The second class warned by Jesus consists of several groups dealt with in the Sermon on the Mount--people whose sin is not murder or adultery, but merely anger and the unclean thought--not the people who actually give themselves away, like the publicans and harlots--but those who would not be sorry to have that ring of Gyges which Plato described, who would like to do certain things if they could, who at all events are not unwilling to picture what they would wish to do, if it were available, and meanwhile enjoy the thought (Matt.

5:21, 22, 27-29).

Here St. Paul can supply commentary with his suggestion that one form of God's condemnation is where he gives up a man to his own reprobate mind (Romans 1:28--the whole passage is worth study in the Greek).

The mind, in Paul's phrases, becomes darkened (Rom.

1:21), stained (Titus 1:15), and cauterized (1 Tim.

4:2), invalidated for the discharge of its proper functions, as a burnt hand loses the sense of touch, or a stained glass gives the man a blue or red world instead of the real one.

Blindness and mutilation are better, Jesus said, than the eye of lust (Matt.

5:28).

How different from the moralists, for whom sin lies in action, and all actions are physical!

The idle word is to condemn a man, not because it is idle, but because, being unstudied, it speaks of his heart and reveals, unconsciously but plainly, what he is in reality (Matt.

12:36).

Thus it is that what comes out of the mouth defiles a man (Matt.

15:18)--with the curious suggestion, whether intended or not, that the formulation of a floating thought gives it new power to injure or to help.

That is true; impression loose, as it were, in the mind, mere thought--stuff, is one thing; formulated, brought to phrase and form, it takes on new life and force; and when it is evil, it does defile, and in a permanent way.

Marcus Aurelius has a very similar warning (v. 16)--"Whatever the colour of the thoughts often before thy mind, that colour will thy mind take.

For the mind is dyed (or stained) by its thoughts."

"Phantazesthai" and "phantasiai" are the words--and they suggest something between thoughts and imaginations--mental pictures would be very near it.

The third group whom Jesus warned, the most notorious of all, was the Pharisee class.

They played at religion--tithed mint and anise and cumin, and forgot judgement and mercy and faith (Matt.

23:23).

Jesus said that the Pharisee was never quite sure whether the creature he was looking at was a camel or a mosquito--he got them mixed (Matt.

23:24).

Once we realize what this tremendous irony means, we are better able to grasp his thought.

The Pharisee was living in a world that was not the real one--it was a highly artificial one, picturesque and charming no doubt, but dangerous.

For, after all, we do live in the real world--there is only one world, however many we may invent; and to live in any other is danger.

Blindness, that is partial and uneven, lands a man in peril whenever he tries to come downstairs or to cross the street--he steps on the doorstep that is not there and misses the real one.

He is involved in false appearances at every turn.

And so it is in the moral world--there is one real, however many unreals there are, and to trust to the unreal is to come to grief on the real.

"The beginning of a man's doom," wrote Carlyle, "is that vision be withdrawn from him."

"Thou blind Pharisee!"

(Matt.

23:26).

The cup is clean enough without; it is septic and poisonous within--and from which side of it do you drink, outside or inside?

(Matt.

23:25).

As we study the teaching of Jesus here, we see anew the profundity of the saying attributed to him in the Fourth Gospel, "The truth shall make you free" (John 8:32).

The man with astigmatism, or myopia, or whatever else it is, must get the glasses that will show him the real world, and he is safe, and free to go and come as he pleases.

See the real in the moral sphere, and the first great peril is gone.

Nothing need be said at this point of the Pharisee who used righteousness and long prayers as a screen for villainy.

Probably his doom was that in the end he came to think his righteousness and his prayers real, and to reckon them as credit with a God, who did not see through them any more than he did himself.

It is a mistake to over-emphasize here the devouring of widow' houses by the Pharisee (Matt.

23:14), for it was no peculiar weakness of his;

publicans and unjust judges did the same.

Only the publican and the unjust judge told themselves no lies about it.

The Pharisee lied--lying to oneself or lying to another, which is the worse?

The more dangerous probably is lying to oneself, though the two practices generally will go together in the long run.

The worst forms of lying, then, are lying to oneself and lying about God; and the Pharisee combined them, and told himself that, once God's proper dues of prayer and tithe were paid, his treatment of the widow and her house was correct.

Hence, says Jesus, he receives "greater damnation" (A. V.

)--or judgement on a higher scale ("perissoteron krima").

The Pharisees were men who believed in God--only that with his world, they re-created him (as we are all apt to do for want of vision or by choice); but what is atheism, what can it be, but indifference to God's facts and to God's nature?

If religion is union with God, in the phrase we borrow so slightly from the mystics, how can a man be in union with God, when the god he sees is not there, is a figment of his own mind, something different altogether from God?

Or, if we use the phrase of the Old Testament.

prophet and of Jesus himself, if religion is vision of God, what is our religion, if after all we are not seeing God at all, but something else--a dummy god, like that of the Pharisees, some trifling martinet who can be humbugged--or, to come to ourselves, a majestic bundle of abstract nouns loosely tied up in impersonality?

For all such Jesus has a caution.

Indifference to God's facts leads to one end only.

We admit it ourselves.

There are those who scold Bunyan for sending Ignorance to hell, but we omit to ask where else could Ignorance go, whether Bunyan sent him or not.

Ignorance, as to germs or precipices or what not, leads to destruction "in pari materia"; in the moral sphere can it be otherwise?

This serves in some measure to explain why Jesus is so tender to gross and flagrant sinners, a fact which some have noted with surprise.

Surely it is because publican and harlot have fewer illusions; they were left little chance of imagining their lives to be right before God.

What Jesus thought of their hardness and impurity we have seen already, but heedless as they were of God's requirements of them, they were not guilty of the intricate atheism of the Pharisees.

Further, whether it was in his mind or not, it is also true that the frankly gross temptations do bring a man face to face with his own need of God, as the subtler do not; and so far they make for reality.

The fourth group are those who cannot make up their minds.

"No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the Kingdom of God" (Luke 9:62).

The word is an interesting one ("euthetos"), it means "handy" or "easy to place."

(The word is used of the salt not "fit" for land or dunghill (Luke 14:35), and the negative of the inconvenient harbour (Acts 27:12).

) This man is not adapted for the Kingdom of God; he is not easy to place there.

Like the man who saved his talent but did not use it (Matt.

25:24), he is not exactly bad; but he is "no good," as we say.

Jesus conceives of the Kingdom of God as dynamic, not static; state or place, condition or relation, it implies work, as God himself implies work.

He holds that truth is not a curiosity for the cabinet but a tool in the hand; that God's earnest world is no place for nondescript, and that there is only one region left to which they can drift.

What part or place can there be in the Kingdom of Heaven--in a kingdom won on Calvary--for people who cannot be relied on, who cannot decide whether to plough or not to plough, nor, when they have made up their mind, stick to it?

Jesus cannot see.

(What a revelation of the force and power of his own character!

) These, then, are the four classes whom Jesus warns, and it is clear from the consideration of them that his view of sin is very different from those current in that day.