Andreas Vesalius, The Reformer of Anatomy — Pilgrimage And Death

[Illustration: Illuminated capital] Suddenly, early in the year 1564, for a reason which has never been explained satisfactorily, Vesalius left Madrid.

Apparently he was at the height of success.

He was famous as a physician and surgeon; he was a favorite at the Spanish court; he had amassed a fortune; and seemingly he was destined to pass his remaining days under the most favorable surroundings.

As occurs to all great men, he had excited the jealous animosity of many of the members of his profession.

The efforts of the Madrid physicians to ignore the talents of one whom they regarded as a foreigner, long since had reacted to the advantage of the Archiatrus.

[Illustration: PHILIP THE SECOND] During the twenty years that he had filled the post of Archiatrus, the scalpel of Vesalius was rusting: but the controversy concerning the infallibility of Galen was still raging.

The violent criticisms of Sylvius upon the _Fabrica_ had been silenced by death, but others took up the cause of Galen where Sylvius had left it.

But the passing years had brought a new coterie of professors, who, like Fallopius at Padua;

Rondelet at Montpellier; Massa at Venice; and Fuchs at Tübingen, were boldly teaching many things that were contrary to Galen.

Life at the Spanish court was not favorable to the study of science.

“The hand of the Church”, says Foster[28], “was heavy on the land; the dagger of the Inquisition was stabbing at all mental life, and its torch was a sterilizing flame sweeping over all intellectual activity.

The pursuit of natural knowledge had become a crime, and to search with the scalpel into the secrets of the body of man was accounted sacrilege.

It was for a life in priest-ridden, ignorant, superstitious Madrid that Vesalius had forsaken the freedom of the Venetian Republic and the bright academic circles of Padua; in Madrid, where, as he himself has said, ‘he could not lay his hand on so much as a dried skull, much less have the chance of making a dissection’.

Moreover, he must have felt the loss of Charles, who, whatever his faults, recognized the worth of intellectual efforts, and in many ways had shown his sympathy with Vesalius’s love of knowledge.

Such sympathy could not be looked for in the narrow and bigoted Philip”.

About this time Vesalius received a copy of the _Observationes Anatomicae_ of his pupil Fallopius, who, having learned all that his master had taught of anatomy, continued his studies with great skill and industry.

Such a book, coming at an opportune time, must have seemed like a voice calling the Archiatrus back to the intellectual life, bringing to his mind’s eye the recollection of his happy days in Italy.

Vesalius travelled to Venice by way of Perpignan.

While in Venice he visited the printer, Francesco Sanese, and discussed the publication of a new book which should contain his reply to Fallopius.

In a short time he started for Cyprus in company with Jacobo Malatesta, the commander of the Venetian forces in that island.

Thence he passed to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Vesalius never returned from that journey.

Information of his death reached Brussels towards the end of that year—1564. What was the reason for this pilgrimage?

Various alleged authorities have given different versions, many of which are evidently fictitious.

The most reasonable account, which emanates from Spanish-French sources, dates from a letter written January 1, 1565, to the physician Caspar Peucer by Hubert Languer, or Hubertus Languetus, the Huguenot friend of Philip Sidney, which says:—“They say that Vesalius is dead.

Doubtless you have heard that he went to Jerusalem.

That journey had, as they tell us from Spain, an odd reason.

Vesalius, believing a young Spanish nobleman whom he had attended to be dead, obtained leave of the parents to open the body for the sake of inquiring into the cause of the illness, which he had not rightly comprehended.

This was granted; but he had no sooner made an incision into the body than he perceived the symptoms of life, and opening the breast, saw the heart beat.

The parents coming afterwards to the knowledge of this, were not satisfied with prosecuting him for murder, but accused him to the Inquisition of impiety, in hopes that he would be punished with greater rigor by the judges of that tribunal than by those of the common law.

But the King of Spain interposed, and saved him on condition that by way of atoning for the error he should undertake a pilgrimage to the Holy Land”.

The pilgrimage was made, the Holy Sepulcher was visited, and the weary wanderer had started for Padua to take the chair which was made vacant by the death of Fallopius.

A violent storm swept the Ionian Sea.

Vesalius’s ship was wrecked upon the island of Zakynthos, where, on the fifteenth day of October, 1564, the Archiatrus died of exhaustion.

Such was the miserable end of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, a man, who, before he had attained his thirtieth year, had become the greatest anatomist that the world has ever seen.

[Illustration: Ornamental block] FOOTNOTES

[1]Théorie de la figure humaine.

Paris, 1773. [2]Moehsen: Verzeichnis einer Sammlung von Bildnissen.

Berlin, 1771;

page 59. [3]Bell: Observations on Italy.

Edinburgh, 1825; page 257. [4]Galen: De Anatomicis Adininistrationibus.

Lib.

II.

[5]Celsus: De Medicina.

Lib.

I.

[6]Fisher: Claudius Galenus.

Annals of Anatomy and Surgery, Vol. IV.

, page 216. [7]Saint Basil, in his maturer years, deeply regretted that he had studied classical literature in his youth.

Jerome regarded the reading of the writings of antiquity as a terrible crime.

Gregory the Great declared a knowledge of grammar even for a layman to be indelicate.

—Fort: Medical Economy during the Middle Ages.

N.

Y.

, 1883; pages 102, 103. [8]Meryon: History of Medicine.

London, 1861; vol. I, page 479. [9]Adam; Vitae Germanorum Medicorum.

Haidelbergae, 1620: page 224. [10]Zwinger: Theatrum Vitae Humanae.

Basileae, 1571. [11]Vesalius: Fabrica, 1543, preface.

[12]Sylvius: Ordo et Ordinis Ratio in Legendis Hippocratis et Galeni Libris, 1539. [13]The Collége Royal de France was founded by Francis the First.

This enlightened patron of the sciences and arts recognized the merits of scientific men and rewarded them with his money and his friendship.

He established the Collége de France with twelve richly-endowed professorships, one of which was devoted to medicine.

The lectures were free to all who desired to attend.

The first incumbent of the chair of medicine was Vidus Vidius, Guido Guidi, of Florence, who filled this position from 1542 to 1548. Such success followed his labors that, on his return to Italy, his experience in Paris was the subject of this witticism: _Vidus venit, Vidius vidit, Vidus vicit_.

[14]Northcote: History of Anatomy.

London, 1772; page 56. [15]Portal: Histoire de l’Anatomie et de la Chirurgie.

Paris, 1770; vol. I, page 365. [16]Moreau: Vita Sylvii, in Sylvii Opera Medica.

Geneva, 1635. [17]Vesalius: De radice Chinae epistola, 1546; pages 151, 152. [18]Archives Curieuses de l’Histoire de France.

[19]Guinterius: Anatomicarum Institutionum, 1539. [20]Paraphrasis in nonum librum Rhazae medici Arabis clariss.

ad Regem Almansorem, de singularum corporis partium affectuum curatione, autore Andrea Wesalio Bruxellensi Medicinae candidato.

Lovanii ex officina Rutgeri Resii.

mense Februar.

1537. [21]Radicis Chinae usus, Andrea Vesalio autore.

Lugd.

, 1547; page 278. [22]Moehsen: Verzeichnis einer Sammlung von Bildnissen.

Berlin, 1771;

page 82. [23]Sandrart: Teutsche Academie.

Nürnberg, 1685: vol. II.

, page 243. [24]Portal: Histoire de l’anatomie et de la chirurgie.

Paris, 1770; vol. I.

, page 399. [25]McMurrich: Medical Library and Historical Journal, December, 1906. [26]Cowper: The Anatomy of Human Bodies.

Oxford, 1697. [27]Andreae Vesalii Opera Omnia Anatomica et Chirurgica in duos tomos distributa cura Hermanni Boerhaave et Bernhardi Siegfried Albini.

Lugduni Batavorum, 1725. [28]Foster: Lectures on the History of Physiology.

Cambridge, 1901, page 17. INDEX

[Illustration: Ornamental block] INDEX

A

Abrégé d’anatomie 93 Achillinus, Alexander 42 Adam, M. 55 Adolph of Nassau 11 Aegina, Paul of 63, 80 Aesculapius 17 Aetius 80 Alberti, Leo Battista 7 Albertus Magnus 55 Albius, John Andreas 80 Albinus, B. S.

46, 115, 129 Albucasis 30 Alcmaeon 19, 115 Aldo 11 Aldus Manutius 43 Alexander of Tralles 63 Alexander the Great 20 Alexandria 20, 22 Alexandrian Anatomists 22, 23 Alexandrian Library 23 Alexandrian University 22, 29 Alfonso the Magnificent 5 Almansor, the 72 Al-Rasi 31 Amatus 51 Ambrosian Library 113 Anatomy in Ancient Times 17-28 Anathomia Mundini 11, 35, 48 Anatomia Corporis Humani 37 Anatomia ridotta 93 Anatomia Porci 27 Anatomical Renaissance 14 Andernach, John Winter of 61 Antonius Musa 20 Antropologium of Magnus Hundt 39 Apelles 22 Aphorisms of Hippocrates 53 Apollo 19 Apophyses venarum 51 Aquaeductus Fallopii 122 Aqueduct of Sylvius 60 Arabs 27, 30, 56 Arantius 15, 16 Archimedes 22 Archiatrus 131, 132, 135, 136 Aristophanes 22 Aristotle 19, 55, 65, 66, 67 Ars Curativa of Galen 56 Art-Anatomy 7, 91 Artery of Sylvius 60 Asclepiadae 17, 19, 56 Astruc 57 Athanasius 22 Augustus 20 Aurelius, Marcus 24 Averröes 4, 56 Avicenna 15, 31, 56, 80 B

Banister, John 127 Basel, view of 83 Beatrizet, Nicholas 128 Becerra, Caspar 128 Bell, John 18 Bembo 12 Benedictine Monastery 5 Berengario da Carpi 43-46 Bertruccius 29 Boccaccio 4, 5 Bogarucci, Prosper 129 Boerhaave 129 Bologna 6, 15, 27, 29, 30, 37, 43, 130 Boniface VIII 15 Bracciolini, Poggio 10 Brambilla 44 Brissotus, Petrus 56 Bruchaeum 21 Budaeus 56 Busleiden, Hieronymus 54 C

Caelius Aurelianus 63 Caesalpinus 16 Caius 10 Cajetan Petrioli 115 Calamus scriptorius 23 Callimichus 22 Calcar, Jan Stephan van 9, 74, 82, 83, 89 Canna coxae 34 Cannanus 51, 60 Caraffa 13, 73 Carbo, Gisbertus 55 Cardan, Jerome 52 Cardi, Luigi 9 Carpi, Seigneur de 43 Carpus 43-46 Carolus Stephanus 48 Caxton 11 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius 10, 22 Charles the Fifth 53, 55, 82, 87, 95, 112, 119, 131 Chauliac, Guy de 29 China root 73, 87, 132 Christian III 63 Cicero 4, 5 Cimabue 7 Civitas Hippocratica 27 Clement VII 12 Clement XI 115 Colladus 117, 118 Collegium trilingue 54 Collége de Tréguier 58 Collége de Cornouailles 58 Collége de France 15, 58, 60 Columbus 16, 114, 117, 118-121, 130 Copernicus 2 Copho 27 Coriolano, Christoforo 88 Cortona, Pietro da 9 Cosimo de’ Medici 5, 131 Cosimo I 123 Cowper, William 126 Crabbe, Isabella 53 Crooke, Helkiah 127 Crusaders 15 Curtius, Matthaeus 79 D

da Carpi, Berengario 43-46, 47 da Carpi, Hugo 45 Danoni 84 Dante, Alighieri 3 Dark Ages, Anatomy in the 26 da Vinci, Leonardo 2, 8, 9, 113 de Ketham, Joannes 32, 33 Della Torre, Marc Antonio 8 Descartes 65 Deventer, the Beggar of 61, 64 de Zerbi, Gabriel 37, 39 Donaria of Anatomical Interest 20 Don Carlos 132 Dryander, John 46-48, 51, 114 Dubois, Jacques 57 Dürer, Albrecht 9 E

Eclectic Philosophy 66 Egyptian Anatomy 17 Eichmann 47 Elizabeth, Queen 127 Empedocles of Agrigentum 19 Epidaurus 20 Epitome, the 84, 91, 93, 95-97, 129 Erasistratus 22, 23, 24 Eratosthenes 22 Estienne, Charles 48-51, 60 Estienne, Robert 50 Eucharus 31 Eucharius Rhodion 16 Euclid 22 Eustachius, Bartholomeus 15, 16, 114-118 Eyck, Hubert and John van 7 F

Fabrica, the 30, 54, 55, 71, 82, 84, 94, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133 contents of 93-113 Fabricius ab Aquapendente 16, 51 Fallopia 123 Fallopius, Gabriel 16, 114, 117, 118, 121-124, 134, 135 Ferdinand I 63 Fernel, Jean 57, 58, 64-67 Fisher, G. J.

25, 119, 121 Fliegende Blätter 37, 89, 95 Foesius, Anutius 10 Foramen Vesalii 103 Fort, George F. 27 Fracastoro 10 Francis the First 60 Frederick II 28 Friesen 40 G

Gabriel de Zerbi 37, 39 Galen 10, 15, 19, 20, 24-26, 30, 36, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 79, 80, 101, 103, 109, 111, 112, 123, 130, 131, 133, 134 Galileo 2, 112 Geminus, Thomas 126, 127 Gemma, Regnier 70, 71 Giacomo Berengario 43-46 Giacomo Moro 93 Giotto 7 Giuseppe Ribera 9 Glisson 51 Granvella 55 Greece, Anatomy in 17, 18, 20 Gregory the Great 27 Guido Guidi 60 Guillemeau, Jacques 16 Guinterius, Joannes 61-64, 67, 68, 71, 81 H

Hamusco, Juan Valverde di 128 Harvey, William 16, 110, 112, 121 Havers, Clopton 50 Hela, Ricardus 37, 38 Henry the Second 65 Hero 22 Herophilus 22, 23, 122 Historie of Man 127 Hippocrates 10, 17, 18, 19, 24, 57, 66, 67, 80, 125 Holbein, the Elder 41 Homer 29 Hubert van Eyck 7 Hugo da Carpi 45 Humanists and Humanism 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 56 Hundt, Magnus 39-40, 42 I

Ignatius Loyola 73 Index Expurgatorius 13 Ingrassias, John Philip 15, 117, 118, 124, 125 Inquisition 13, 44, 136 Isagogae Breves 45 Institutionum Anatomicarum 81 Italy and the Renaissance 2-14 J

Jan Stephan van Calcar 9, 74, 82, 83, 89 Jan Wandelaar 86, 129 Jerome 27 Jerome Mercurialis 88 Jesuits 73 Joannes de Ketham 32, 33 K

Kalcker 89 Ketham, Joannes de 32, 33 L

Lactantius 11 Lancisi 115 Languer, Hubert 135 Laurentius Phryesen 40, 41 Leonardo da Vinci 2, 8, 9, 113 Leonicenus, Nicholas 10, 56 Linacre, Thomas 10 Livy 5, 20 Lorenzo de’ Medici 8 Louvain, University of 53, 54, 71, 75 Loyola, Ignatius 73 Luca Signorelli 8 Luigi Cardi 9 Luther 63 Luzzi, Mondino dei 29 M

Maggiore Consiglio of Venice 28 Magnus, Albertus 55 Malatesta, Jacobo 135 Manetho 22 Marc Antonio della Torre 8 Margarita Philosophica 55 Massa 134 Maximilian d’Egmont 132 Mead, Dr. Richard 97 Medicina Astrologica 28 Melzi 113 Mercurialis, Jerome 88 Meryon, Edward 45 Michael Angelo 8, 9 Mirach 34 Moehsen, J. C. W.

18, 87 Mondino dei Luzzi 29-36 Mondino’s Anathomia 11, 35 Mondino’s Successors 37-51 Monte Cassino 5 Moreau 61 Morley, Henry 70, 129, 131 Moro, Giacomo 93 Moschenbauer 93 Musa, Antonius 20 Museum, Alexandrian 22 Myntens, Arnold 9 Mc

McMurrich 113 N

Narcissus of Parthenope 82 Nicholas V 5, 10 Northcote, W. 60 O

Oporinus, Joannes 84, 85, 86, 95, 99 Oribasius 63 Origen 22 Osiris 22 P

Padua, University of 15, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 112, 123, 136 Vesalius’s Sojourn in 56-69 Paedagogium Castri 54 Paganism 11, 12 Paraphrase of Rhazes 72, 131 Paré, Ambroise 16 Paris, Anatomical teaching at 56, 69 Parthenope, Narcissus of 82 Pascal 112 Paulus Aegineta 10, 63, 80 Pausanias 18 Petrarch 3, 4, 5 Peucer, Caspar 135 Peyligk, John 39 Philip the Second 95, 131, 132, 134 Phryesen, Laurentius 40, 41, 42 Pierre de la Rameé 65, 66, 67 Pietro da Cortona 9 Piles, Rogers de 93 Pinus 115 Pion, Albert 43 Poggio Bracciolini 9 Pollaiuolo, Antonio 8 Poliziano 10 Pontanus 10 Pope Boniface VIII 15 Pope Clement VII 12 Pope Clement XI 115 Pope Leo X 12 Pope Nicholas V 10 Pope Paul III 13 Pope Paul IV 13, 119 Pope Pius IIII 119 Portal 60, 112 Ptolemies, the 22 Q

Quintilian 5 R

Raffaello Santi 9 Raimondino 28 Ramus 65, 66, 67 Regio Judaeorum 21 Renaissance, the Anatomical 14-16 Renaissance, the General 1-14 Rescius 71 Rhacotis 21 Rhazes 31, 53, 72, 73 Rhodion, Eucharius 16 Ribera, Giuseppe 9 Richardson, B. W.

99 Rogers de Piles 93 Rome, Anatomy in 19, 20 Rubens 9 Rufus of Ephesus 122, 123 S

Saint Basil 27 Saint Stephen 12 Salernum 5, 27, 28 Sandrart 89 Sannazzaro 10 Santi, Raffaello 9 Scotus, Michael 55 Servetus 64, 68, 118, 119, 121 Sicilian Hippocrates 125 Sidney, Philip 135 Signorelli, Luca 8 Siphac 34 Spiegel der Artzny 41 Stephanas, Carolus 48-51 Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William 83 Sturm 71 Sylvius, Jacobus 57-61, 67, 68, 112, 113 Symonds, J. A.

3 T

Tabulae Anatomicae 81, 83, 126 Tagault, Jean 57 Temples of Aesculapius 18 Terence 5 Theatin Monks 73 Theocritus 22 Thomas of Sarzana 10 Titian 87, 88, 89, 93 Torcular Herophili 23 Torre, Marc Antonio della 8 Torricelli 2, 112 Tortebat, François 93 Trajectorium 35 Tralles, Alexander of 63 Tritonius, Vitus 75, 80 V

Valeriano 12 Valverde, Juan di Hamusco 128 van Eyck, Hubert and John 7 Varolius 15 Vasari 88 Velsius 71 Venice 6, 11, 37, 73, 89, 93, 118, 123, 135 Venice, Maggiore Consiglio of 28 Verdunno, Narciso 82 Vesalius, birth of 52 death of 136 education of 53-55, 56, 67, 68 Vesanus 59, 112 Vida 10 Vidius, Vidus 15, 60 Villanovanus, Michael 68 Vinci, Leonardo da 2, 8, 9, 113 Vitruvius 10 Vitus Tritonius 75, 80 W

Waechtlin 41 Wandelaar, Jan 86, 129 Wesalius Family 52, 53 Wharton 42 Winter of Andernach 61-64 Z

Zakynthos, island of 136 Zerbi, Gabriel de 37, 39 Zyrbi 31 [Illustration: Ornamental block] Transcriber’s Notes —Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.

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