Woodland Paths — Harbingers of Summer

HARBINGERS OF SUMMER

Out of the violet dusk of some June dawn you will see the summer coming over the hills from the south and you will know her from the spring at sight.

I do not know how.

I doubt if the whip-poor-will, who has a jealous eye on the dawn and its signs, for its first appearance means bedtime and surcease from labor for him, knows.

Yet he feels her presence, for he waits it as a sign to select the spot for his nest.

The whip-poor-will is hardly a home builder.

He just occupies a flat for the summer, a place that seems no more fit for a home than any other flat.

Just as I often wonder how apartment-house dwellers find their way back at dinner-time, in spite of the bewildering sameness of the surroundings, so it seems to me quite miraculous that the whip-poor-will can find the way back to the eggs or young at daybreak.

Nest there is none.

It is simply a spot picked, seemingly, at random, on the brown last year’s leaves, or the bare rock of the pasture.

But the whip-poor-will has been here since early May, and till now has not offered to take an apartment.

Yesterday, without doubt, he saw the summer coming and picked his site.

By to-morrow or next day you might find the two eggs there--if you are a wizard.

It takes such to find a whip-poor-will’s eggs.

You might look at them and never see them, so well do they match the ground on which they lie,--more like pebbles than anything else, with their dull white obscurely marked with lilac and brownish-gray spots.

I sometimes think the mother bird herself fails to find them and that may be one reason why whip-poor-wills do not seem to increase in numbers.

Like the whip-poor-will the scarlet tanager waits sight of the coming of summer before he begins his nest.

It is odd that the two should have even this habit in common, for otherwise they are far apart.

The tanager is essentially a bird of the daylight, his very colors born of the sun.

I rarely hear him or see his scarlet flame until the sunlight is on his tree top to make him seem all the more vivid.

Then as the day waxes, and the robins one by one cease their singing, he takes up their song and continues it, often until the robins return to the choir as the afternoon shadows lengthen.

The tanager’s song is singularly like that of the robin, only more leisurely and refined.

After you have become familiar with it you begin to feel that the robin is a very huckster of a soloist.

“Kill ’im, cure ’im, give ’im physic,” is what the early settlers thought the robin sang to them.

It always seems to me as if he sang, “Cherries; berries; strawberries.

Buy a box; buy a box.

” You might translate the scarlet tanager’s song into either set of words but you would not.

Instead, you would ponder long to find a phrase whose gentle refinement should express just the quality of it.

Then I think you would give it up, as I always do, content to feel its pure serenity, which is quite beyond words.

The tanager is just about beginning the weaving of his home, which is as gentle and refined in structure as his song.

You may see through it if you get just the right position from below, yet it is well built and strong, woven of slender selected twigs and tendrils, a delicate cup, just big enough to hold the three or four eggs of tender blue with their rufous-brown markings, and the olive-green mother bird.

The tanager’s life is as open as the day, and as he watches southward from his pine tree top you may well mark the coming of summer by the beginning of that nest well out on a lower pine bough.

And if you are not fortunate enough to have a tanager in your pine grove you might well take the time from another bird, as different from the scarlet flame of the tree top as the tanager is from the whip-poor-will;

that is the wood pewee.

As the whip-poor-will loves the darkness and the tanager the bright sun of the topmost boughs of the grove, so the wood pewee loves the resinous depths of the pines, where in the hot twilight of a summer midday he pipes his cheerful little three-note song.

Like the cicada, he seems to sing best when it is hottest, and the thought of his song inevitably brings to mind the drone of the summer-loving insect, the prattle of the brook at the foot of the hill, and the lazy dappling of the sunlight as it falls perpendicularly to the feathery fronds of the cinnamon ferns far below.

He who would find humming birds’ nests would do well to first take a course in hunting those of the wood pewee.

The two seem to have the same type of mind when it comes to nest-building, though the wood pewee’s is five times the size of the other and proportionally easy to find.

Each saddles his nest on a limb and covers it outside with gray lichens from the trees nearby, so that from below it looks like merely a lichen-covered knot.

As the wood pewee loves to sing his song in the shadows of the upper levels of the deep pine wood, so he loves to look down as he sings upon his nest on a limb below, usually twenty or more feet from the ground.

Such humming birds’ nests as I have found have been made of fern wool or the pappus of the blooms of dandelions or other compositæ just compacted together and lichen-covered.

The wood pewee builds of moss and fine fiber, grass and rootlets, using the lichen covering for the outside, as does the humming bird.

It is a beautiful nest, a rustic home which perfectly fits the dead pine limb on which you often find it, and its surroundings, a nest as rustic as the grove and the bird.

These two, the tanager and the wood pewee, I know are already picking the limbs for their nests and having an eye out for available material, for I know that they have had the first word that summer is here.

I got it myself from the southerly slope of Blue Hill, a spot to which I like to climb as the lookout goes to the cross-trees, whence the southerly outlook is far and you may sight the sails of spring or summer while yet they are hull down below the horizon of the season.

All creatures love to climb.

Here along the rocky path the young gerardias have found a foothold, and put forth strange sinuate or pinnatifid leaves that puzzle you to identify them until you note the last year’s stalks and seed-pods, now empty but persistent.

Exuberance and young life often take frolicsome ways of expending their vitality.

When the gerardias are two months older, and have settled down to the growing of those wonderful yellow bells which fill the woodland with golden delight, their stem leaves will lose all this riot of outline and coloration and settle down to plain, smooth-edged green.

The blossoms may need a foil, but will brook no rival on their own stem.

The path that I take to my southerly looking masthead soon leaves the gerardias behind.

They need alluvium and a certain fertility and moisture, and the crevices of the rock are not for them.

There as I climb among the cedars I pass the withered stalks of the saxifrage that a month ago made the crevices white.

Now only an occasional belated blossom, scraggly and worn as if with dissipation, seems hastening to reach oblivion with its fellows.

But the wild columbine still holds horns of honey plenty for the sipping of moth and butterfly, whose proboscides are long enough to reach the ultimate tip where it is stored.

You may have a mouthful of honey if you will bite off the tiny bulbs at the very ends of these cornucopias,--a honey that has a fragrant sweetness that is unsurpassed in flavor.

Nor are the bees behind you in knowledge.

They may not reach the honey through the mouth of the horn, but they, too, can bite, and many a flower shows it, now that their season is passing.

Their coral red and yellow glows with a rich radiance in the dusk under the cedars, and they have climbed far higher than the gerardias.

With the columbine, right up onto the very ledges themselves, have come the barberry bushes.

They must have seen the summer coming, and they were the first to pass the hint on to me, for they have hung themselves with all the gold in their jewel boxes, pendant racemes of exquisite jewel work everywhere, their sprays of tender green grouping and swaying in the wind, nodding and smiling, decked with earrings, brooches, bracelets, and beads, all cunningly wrought of solid gold.

Barberry bushes love the rough pasture and even these rougher rocks, yet they bring to them only grace and elegance and refinement, and receive no hint of uncouthness or barbarity from their surroundings.

These and a score of other herbs and shrubs clamber blithely upward and clothe the rocky hillside with beauty, but the queen of the place is the flowering dogwood.

No other shrub has such airy blitheness of decorative beauty.

There is something about the set of the leaves that suggests green-clad sprites about to dance for joy, but now every dainty branch is as if thronged with white butterflies, poising for flight.

No other plant shows such a spirituality of delight as this now that it knows that the summer is here.

On the plain below the poplars shimmer and quiver translucent green in the ecstasy of young leaves all tremulous with happiness and the tingle of surgent sap.

Yet neither tree nor shrub nor any flowering herb seems to so stand on tiptoe for a flight into the blue heaven above, blossom and leaf and branch and trunk, as does this dainty delight of the shady hillside, the flowering dogwood.

The summer does not explode as does the spring.

The spring promises and delays, approaches and withdraws, coquettes until we are in despair, then suddenly swoops upon us and smothers in the delight of her full presence.

But the summer comes genially and graciously forward, announced by a thousand heralds.

To-day you could not find on hillside or in lowland a spot that did not glow with the fact.

On a bare ledge, where the gnarled cedars have held the rim of the hill all winter long against the gales and zero weather, I thought I might find a pause in the universal story.

Here should be only gray rock and a rim of brown cedars, as much the furniture of winter as of summer.

But I had forgotten the outlook.

On the fields far below, the tall grass, so green that it was fairly blue in comparison with the yellow of young leaves, rushed forward before the wind like a green flood of roaring water.

Across the plain and up the slopes it poured as the waters of Niagara pour down the slope to the brink of the fall.

Even the white foam of the rapids was simulated in the silvery-green flashes that raced with the breeze.

Only summer grass thus flows.

No other season can give it such vivid motion.

To me there came too a dozen summer messengers.

Two or three varieties of transparent winged dragon flies swirled in and out of the little bay of sunshine.

A fulvous and black butterfly lighted on the rock at my feet and gently, rhythmically raised and lowered his wings.

It was as expressive of satisfaction as smacking the lips would be.

Again and again he slipped away and then sailed back, leaving me still in doubt as to whether he was the lovely little _Melitæa harrisi_, or _Phyciodes nycteis_, both of which are very solemn names for pretty little butterflies which fly about as a signal that summer is already beginning to glow about us.

By and by the joy of the spot seemed to soothe him and he settled down for a longer stay, folding his wings and proving to me that he was _nycteis_ without question, for there on his hind wing was distinctly the mark of the silver crescent.

Butterflies should have been popular when knighthood was in flower, for each carries the heraldic blazon of his house where all may see.

Soon I found my seat on the rock disputed by a pair of dusky-wings.

I

had found the earlier dusky-wings of the woodland paths skittish and unwilling to let me get to close quarters with them.

This may have been because I made the advances.

I had been seated but a moment when this pair that had dashed madly away at my approach dashed as madly back and very nearly lighted on me, then they dashed away again.

Soon, however, they came back in more friendly fashion and settled down within reach of my hand, where I could observe them at leisure.

Then I saw that this was to me a new variety of the dusky-wing, the _Thanaos persius_ instead of _Thanaos brizo_, as I had thought.

_Persius’_ dusky-wing had climbed the hill as I had, to see if summer was coming, and had found it here.

The pale corydalis which nodded columbine-like heads of softest coral red and yellow knew it too, and drowsed in the sunshine as did the butterflies, but I went on, seeking more evidence.

On the shore of Hoosic-whissic Pond a wood thrush sits on her nest in a green-brier clump, within ten feet of noisy picnickers.

Bravely she sits and shields her eggs, nor does she stir for all the riot about her.

I

poked my head within the tangle till my face was within two feet of her, and still she did not move.

Her throat swelled a little, and a questioning look came into her eyes.

The wood thrush is a shy bird at ordinary times, but not when sitting on her nest.

Then she seems to suddenly acquire a modest boldness that is as becoming as the gentle shyness of other times.

We looked at one another in mutual friendliness.

I noted the bright cinnamon brown of the head fading on the back to a soft olive brown, the whole having the smoothness and perfect fit of a lady’s glove.

The white throat and some of the black markings on the white breast were visible above the rim of the nest, and her bill pointed skyward in the trustful, prayerful attitude of all birds on the nest.

Brooding maternity has the same prayerful sweetness of attitude in the wood thrush that it has in the human mother.

It always suggests white hands clasped and raised in prayer and thanksgiving.

While I watched the wood thrush, a quick gleam of gold and black caught my eye as it danced by in the sunshine outside the thicket.

Here was a promise of summer, indeed, and I followed it on, leaving the brooding thrush to her happiness.

It led across the open, sandy plain to the south, and into the deep wood beyond.

On the way the cinquefoil and buttercups, the strawberry blossoms and the running blackberries were gay with fluttering little red butterflies, the coppers and the crescent spots, and whites and blues, a kaleidoscope of shifting colors, but it was not until I got into the deep golden shade of the dense wood that I saw the fulfilment of the promise.

Here in the glow of sunlight so strained and etherealized by passing through fluttering green that it was all one mist of color, a vivid heart of chrysoprase, I found the wood full of great yellow butterflies, [Illustration: Her bill pointed skyward in the trustful, prayerful attitude of all birds on the nest] dozens of them dancing up and down in the soft radiance, and lighting to put gorgeous yellow blossoms on twigs that could never put forth such beauty again.

Here was the summer, coming sedately through the gold-green spaces of the wood with scores of golden spirits dancing joyously about her.

The “tiger swallowtail,” _Papilio turnus_, as the lepidopterists have named him, is the most beautiful of all our butterflies, painted in gold with black margins, and a single touch of scarlet cunningly applied to each wing.

All the glow of summer seems to be concentrated in him, and his presence is the final test of hers.

INDEX

A

Actias luna, 57 Adam, 98 Ajax, 238 Alder, 33, 55, 98, 194 ---- catkins, 37, 146 ---- red, 192 Alice-in-Wonderland, 202 Alligator, 216, 217 ---- snapper, 216 Amazon, 118 Angler, Compleat, 231 Angle-wing, 144, 145 Angleworm, 221, 222, 225, 227, 228, 232 Ant, 228 Antiopa vanessa, 62 Apple tree, 18, 19, 43, 137, 141, 143 Appomattox, 135 April fool’s day, 5 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, 82, 253 Arctic, 19, 35, 36, 68 ---- circle, 5 Ariel, 58, 129 Ark, 85 Aster, 140, 150 B

Babylon, 124 Bach, 172 Bagdad, 124 Barberry, 100, 270, 271 Bayberry, 166 Beagles, 43 Bear, 79 Beaver, 76 Bee, 105, 146 ---- honey, 205 Bedlam, 43 Beech, 79 Benzoin, 53 Berry bush, 165 Birch, 11, 75, 103, 105, 108, 126 ---- swamp, 125, 180 Bittern, 210, 214, 218 Blackberry, running, 278 Blackbird, 50, 73, 74, 167 Blueberry, swamp, 105 Bluebirds, 18, 19, 32, 33, 34, 50, 51, 107, 167 Boa-constrictor, 215 Bobolinks, 223 Bog-hobble, 77 Bog-hopple, 200 Borer, 76 Bubo, 6 ---- virginianum, 4 Bufflehead, 59, 60 Bulrushes, 77 Bumblebee, 205 Buttercup, 149, 278 Butterfly, angle-wing, 144, 145 ---- brown, 223 ---- blue, 278 ---- common blue, 174 ---- Compton tortoise, 145, 276 ---- coppers, 278 ---- crescent spot, 278 ---- dusky-wing, 224, 275, 276 ---- Grapta, 144 ---- Grapta comma, 144 ---- Grapta interrogationis, 144 ---- hesperid, 146 ---- hesperidæ, 223 ---- hunters’, 141, 142, 146 ---- Melitæa harrisi, 274 ---- mourning cloak, 145, 146 ---- Nycteis, 275 ---- painted lady, 146 ---- Papilio turnus, 279 ---- Phyciodes nycteis, 274 ---- question mark, 146 ---- red, 278 ---- skipper, 146, 223 ---- skipper, silver spotted, 146 ---- tiger swallowtail, 279 ---- white, 271, 278 ---- yellow, 278 ---- Thanaos brizo, 244, 276 ---- Thanaos persius, 276 ---- Vanessa antiopa, 62, 145 ---- Vanessa j-album, 145 Buttonball, 189 Buttonbush, 85, 86 C

Callosamia promethea, 55 Caribbean, 9 Caspian, 131 Cassandra, 177, 203, 204, 205, 211 Catbird, 181, 211 Cæsar, 72 Cecropia, 58 Cedar, 118, 119, 125, 194, 211, 213, 214, 245, 269, 270, 273 ---- pasture, 48, 181, 182, 184, 189, 196 ---- swamp, 209 ---- white, 209 Cetraria, 121 Chelydra serpentina, 216 Cherry, 223, 264 Cherry, wild, 12, 53, 165 Chestnut, 56 Chewink, 180, 181 Chickadee, 75, 126, 211 Chickweed, 146 Chrysanthemum, 122 Cicada, 266 Cinquefoil, 103, 149, 278 Cladonia, 147 ---- brown-fruited, 147 ---- scarlet-crested, 147 Cliff-dwellers, 84 Clover, white, 205 Columbine, wild, 269, 270 Columbus, 119 Compositæ, 276 Compton tortoise, 145 Conifers, 184 Copper, 278 Corydalis, pale, 276 Cranberries, 203 Creeper, 211 ---- black and white, 191 Crescent spot, 278 Cromwell, 115 Cudweed, 142 Cymbifolium, 122 D

Daffodil, 25 Dahlia, 39 Daisy, 68 Dandelion, 69, 146, 149, 267 Daphne, 99, 107, 108 ---- mezereum, 107 Darwin, 221, 224, 225, 232 “Dead March,” 160 Dog, wolf, 36 Dogwood, flowering, 271, 272 Doone, Lorna, 94 ---- Valley, 98 Dove, turtle, 207 Drake, 59 Duck, 33, 34, 59, 60, 118, 127 ---- black, 59, 78, 84, 85 ---- bufflehead, 59 ---- diver, 59 ---- goldeneyes, 34 ---- sheldrake, 78 ---- whistler, 34 Dragon, 215, 218 ---- flies, 223, 274 Dusky-wing, 224, 276 E

Earthworm, 221, 224, 225 Easter, 17, 121, 164 Eden, 70, 81 Eel, 95, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239 ---- electric, 235 Egrets, snowy, 243, 244 Elephant, 253 Elm, 178 Eskimo, 36, 139 Es-Sindibad, 253 Ethiopians, 13 Euphrates, 124, 126, 130, 131 Eurydice, 95 Eve, 98 F

Faun, 177 Federal Government, 189 Felis domesticatus, 248 Fern, tree, 162 ---- cinnamon, 266 Flicker, 75, 76 Flies, artificial, 222 ---- dragon, 223, 274 Flowering dogwood, 271, 272 Fox, 79, 99, 100, 179 Frog, 73, 130 ---- green, 191 ---- hyla, 128, 190, 191, 205, 208 ---- leopard, 190, 195, 205, 206 ---- peepers, 129 ---- swamp tree, 162, 164, 174 ---- wood, 127, 190, 191 G

Garden, Mary, 229 Gaul, 72 Gettysburg, 135 Gerardia, 268, 269, 270 Goldeneyes, 34 Goldenrod, 140, 150 Goldfinch, 52, 172, 174 Grapta, 144 ---- comma, 144 ---- interrogationis, 144 Grasshopper, 222 Green-brier, 180 Greenland, 9 H

Hampstead Ponds, 111, 124 Hardhack, 189 Hare, March, 43, 44, 45, 63 Havre, 8 Hawk, 78, 247 Hawthorne, 114 Hemlock, 89 Hepatica, 13, 14, 16, 63, 100, 146 Heron, 246, 249 ---- black-crowned, night, 243, 246, 247 ---- great blue, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256 ---- little green, 256, 258 Heron, night, 244, 245, 246, 247, 252 Hesperids, 146 Hesperidæ, 223 Hill, Blue, 267 ---- Great Blue, 77 Hook of Holland, 8 Hoosic-whissic Pond, 276 Huckleberry, 48, 158 Hudson’s Bay, 67, 160, 171 Humboldt, 131 Hummingbird, 266, 267 Hunter, 146 Hyla, 128, 190, 191, 205, 208 I

Indian, 73, 116, 182, 206, 216, 217 ---- bogies, 200 ---- Ponkapog, 200 Ironsides, 115 J

Jay, blue, 168, 169 ---- Canada, 5 Jericho, 73 Joepye weed, 77 K

Khayyam, Omar, 114 Kingbird, 191 Kingfisher, 50, 168, 192, 193, 194 L

Lamphrey, 231 Larch, 184, 186 Lark, meadow, 168 Laurel, mountain, 85 Lent, 189 Lichen, 121 Lilac, 115, 148 ---- purple, 113, 114 Lincoln, 117 Lorna Doone, 94 Luna, 58 M

Mab, 58 Macbeth, 172 Mangrove, 85, 86, 189 Maple, 13, 75, 105, 126, 128, 146, 189, 194 Marsh grass, 77 ---- St. John’s-wort, 77, 140 Meadow lark, 168 Meadow-sweet, 189 Melitæa harrisi, 274 Memorial day, 71 Milkweed, 148 Mole, 229 Moose, 79 Moss, cedar, 122 ---- cetraria, 121 ---- cushion, 123 ---- lichen, 121 ---- Mnium, dotted, 123 ---- Mnium punctatum, 123 ---- Parmelia, 121 ---- Peat, 201, 246 ---- Sphagnum, 89, 122, 124 ---- Sphagnum acutifolia, 122 ---- Sphagnum cymbifolium, 122 ---- Sphagnum squarrosum, 122 ---- Sphagnum stictas, 121 Moth, callosamia promethia, 54 ---- luna, 57 ---- spice-bush silk, 53 ---- Polyphemus, 57, 58, 60 ---- Promethea, 58 ---- Telia polyphemus, 56 Mountain laurel, 85 Mourning cloak, 145, 146 Mullein, 140, 150, 151 Muskrat, 212, 213, 218 Myles, 115 N

Neptune, 249 Neptune’s trident, 93 Nesæa, 200 New England, 115, 159, 225 Newfoundland, 9 Niagara, 273 Nicaragua, 179 Nile, 118 Nimbus, 67 Norman conquest, 72 Nycteis, 275 Nycticorax nycticorax nævius, 243, 251 O

Oak, 45, 98, 128 ---- scrub, 13, 44, 147, 179 “Old Farmer’s Almanack,” 19 Orchid, 39, 124 Orinoco, 118, 124 Oriole, Baltimore, 178, 179 Ovenbird, 223 Owl, barred, 5, 78 ---- horned, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 18, 19, 44 P

Painted lady, 146 Pan, 128 Papilio turnus, 279 Paradise, 98 Partridge, 4 Parmelia, 121 ---- conspersa, 83 Pasture Pines Hotel, 33, 34 Peat, 89, 199 ---- moss, 201 Peepers, 129 Perch, white, 59, 192 Perseus, 276 Persian, 114 Peterborough River, 239 Peter the Hermit, 117 Phyciodes nycteis, 274 Pickerel, 163 ---- weed, 163 Pickwick Club, 111 Pickwick, Samuel, 111, 124 Pine, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 60, 61, 62, 63, 114, 147, 170, 265 ---- pitch, 168 Pineapple, 186 Plato, 247 Plutonian, 97 Plymouth, 115 Polo, Marco, 124 Polyphemus, 57, 58, 60 Ponkapog brook, 112 Ponkapog pond, 79, 84, 111, 199, 217 Poplar, 272 Poseidon, 93 Pride, 231 Priscilla, 115 Promethea, 58 Puck, 58 Pumpkin, 228 Puritans, 204, 248 Pussy-willows, 98 Q

“Quawk,” 243 Question mark, 146 R

Rabbit, 4 ---- Welsh, 202 Rana clamitans, 191 Rattlesnake, 79 Ridd, John, 94, 98 Robin, 33, 52, 74, 167, 178, 191, 226, 227, 228, 230, 263 ---- snow, 68, 69 Robin Hood, 171 Roc, 253 Rookery, 23 Roosevelt, 117 S

Saki, 114 Salmon, 91 Samia cecropia, 10, 13, 20, 55, 56 Saskatchewan, 174 Sassafras, 53 Saul, 160 Saxifrage, 71, 269 Saxons, 13 Schumann, 172 Shadbush, 158, 165 Shagbark tree, 76 Shakespeare, 245 Skipper, 146, 223 Skunk-cabbage, 39 Smilax, 105 Snake, water, 95, 96, 97 Snowdrop, 146 Snow, robin, 68, 69 Sousa, 229 Southampton, 8 Sparrow, 173 ---- chipping, 168, 211 ---- fox, 103, 168, 180 ---- song, 32, 33, 34, 36, 50, 51, 63, 130, 167, 211 ---- vesper, 130 Sphagnum, 89, 122, 124 ---- acutifolia, 122 ---- cymbifolium, 122 ---- squarrosum, 122 Spicebush, 195, 196 Spirea formentosa, 189 ---- salicifolia, 189 Squirrel, 76 ---- red, 11, 125 ---- gray, 11 Sticta, 121 St. John’s-wort, marsh, 79, 140 Strawberry, 186, 264, 278 Suckers, 90, 92, 96, 98 Swallow, barn, 196 Swamp, cedar, 19 ---- Pigeon, 3, 6 Sweet fern, 165, 166, 167 Sweet gale, 165, 166, 167, 173, 174 Switzerland, 252 Sycorax, 245 T

Talbot plains, 77 Tanager, 263, 265, 267 ---- scarlet, 264 Telia polyphemus, 56 Terrapin, 217 Thames, 231 Thanaos brizo, 224, 276 Thanaos persius, 276 Thoroughwort, 77 Thrush, 180, 211 ---- brown, 179, 180, 181 ---- wood, 276, 277 Tibet, 118 Tiger swallowtail, 279 Tigris, 124, 126, 131 Titania, 58 Tropics, 7 Tulips, 37 Turtle, 95, 188, 207, 208, 209, 217 ---- dove, 207 ---- mock, 202 ---- snapping, 216, 217 ---- spotted, 207, 218 U

Usnea barbata, 12 V

Vanessa antiopa, 145 ---- j-album, 146 Viburnum, 165 Violets, 15, 68, 103, 146, 149 ---- dwarf blue, 71 Vireo, warbling, 77 W

Walnut, 57 Walrus, 203 Walton, Izaak, 231, 239 Warbler, 211 Washington, 117 Waterloo, 92 Water-lily, 202 ---- parsnip, 190 ---- snake, 95, 96, 97 West of England’s moors, 94 Wheeler place, 24 Whip-poor-will, 261, 262, 263, 265 Whistlers, 34 Willow, 13, 17, 32, 33, 100, 107, 146, 187, 189, 191, 192 ---- pussy, 98 Woodchuck, 100 Woodcock, 5 Woodpecker, 75, 76 ---- downy, 75 Wood pewee, 265, 266, 267 Wright, Orville, 146 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODLAND PATHS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U. S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!

) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties.

Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark.

Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark.

If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy.

You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.

Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U. S.

copyright law.

Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.

gutenberg.

org/license.

Section 1.

General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works 1. A.

By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement.

If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession.

If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1. E.

8. 1. B.

“Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark.

It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.

There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.

See paragraph 1. C below.

There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works.

See paragraph 1. E below.

1. C.

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works.

Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States.

If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed.

Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work.

You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1. D.

The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work.

Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change.

If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work.

The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1. E.

Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1. E.

1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.

You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.

gutenberg.

org.

If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1. E.

2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U. S.

copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.

If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1. E.

1 through 1. E.

7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1. E.

8 or 1. E.

9. 1. E.

3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1. E.

1 through 1. E.

7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.

Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1. E.

4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1. E.

5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1. E.

1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1. E.

6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form.

However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.

gutenberg.

org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form.

Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1. E.

1. 1. E.

7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1. E.

8 or 1. E.

9. 1. E.

8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.

The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns.

Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License.

You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1. F.

3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1. E.

9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark.

Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1. F.

1. F.

1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U. S.

copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection.

Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1. F.

2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1. F.

3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees.

YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT

LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.

F.

3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE

TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1. F.

3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from.

If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation.

The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund.

If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.

If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1. F.

4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1. F.

3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1. F.

5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.

If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law.

The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1. F.

6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2.

Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.

It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come.

In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations.

To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.

gutenberg.

org.

Section 3.

Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.

The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.

S.

federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.

gutenberg.

org/contact Section 4.

Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment.

Many small donations ( to ,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.

Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements.

We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.

To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.

gutenberg.

org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States.

U.

S.

laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses.

Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.

To donate, please visit: www.

gutenberg.

org/donate.

Section 5.

General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone.

For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U. S.

unless a copyright notice is included.

Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.

gutenberg.

org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.