Passing of the Great Race — The Aryan Language in Asia

XIV THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA

In the Ægean region and south of the Caucasus Nordics appear after 1700 B.

C.

but there were unquestionably invasions and raids from the north for many centuries previous to our first records.

These early migrations were probably not in sufficient force to modify the blood of the autochthonous races or to substitute Aryan languages for the ancient Mediterranean and Asiatic tongues.

These men of the North came from the grasslands of Russia in successive waves and among the first of whom we have fairly clear knowledge were the Achæans and Phrygians.

Aryan names are mentioned in the dim chronicles of the Mesopotamian empires about 1700 B. C.

among the Kassites and later, Mitanni.

Aryan names of prisoners captured beyond the mountains in the north and of Aryan deities before whom oaths were taken are recorded about 1400 B. C.

but one of the first definite accounts of Nordics south of the Caucasus describes the presence of Nordic Persians at Lake Urmia about 900 B. C.

There were many incursions from that time on, the Cimmerians raiding across the Caucasus as early as 650 B. C.

and shortly afterward overrunning all Asia Minor.

The easterly extension of the Russian steppes or Kiptchak north of the Caspian-Aral Sea in Turkestan as far as the foothills of the Pamirs was occupied by the Sacæ or Massagetæ, who were also Nordics and akin to the Cimmerians and Persians, as were, perhaps, the Ephtalites or White Huns in Sogdiana north of Persia, destroyed by the Turks in the sixth century.

For several centuries groups of Nordics drifted as nomad shepherds across the Caucasus into the empire of the Medes, introducing little by little the Aryan tongue which later developed into Old Persian.

By 550 B.

C.

these Persians had become sufficiently numerous to overthrow their rulers and under the leadership of the great Cyrus they organized the Persian Empire, one of the most enduring of Oriental states.

The base of the population of the Persian Empire rested on the round skulled Medes who belonged to the Armenoid subdivision of the Alpines.

Under the leadership of their priestly caste of Magi these Medes rebelled again and again against their Nordic masters before the two peoples became fused.

From 525 to 485 B. C.

during the reign of Darius, whose sculptured portraits show a man of pure Nordic type, the tall, blond Persians had become almost exclusively a class of great ruling nobles and had forgotten the simplicity of their shepherd ancestors.

Their language belonged to the Eastern or Iranian division of Aryan speech and was known as Old Persian, which continued to be spoken until the fourth century before the Christian era.

From it were derived Pehlevi, or Parthian as well as modern Persian.

The great book of the old Persians, the Avesta, which was written in Zendic, also an Iranian language, does not go back to the reign of Darius and was remodelled after the Christian era, but the Old Persian of Darius was closely related to the Zendic of Bactria and to the Sanskrit of Hindustan.

From Zendic, also called Medic, are derived Ghalcha, Balochi, Kurdish and other dialects.

The rise to imperial power of the dolichocephalic Aryan-speaking Persians was largely due to the genius of their leaders but the Aryanization of western Asia by them is one of the most amazing events in history.

The whole region became completely transformed so far as the acceptance by the conquered of the language and religion of the Persians was concerned, but the blood of the Nordic race quickly became diluted and a few centuries later disappears from history.

During the great wars with Greece the pure Persian blood was still unimpaired and in control.

In the literature of the time there is little evidence of race antagonism between the Greek and the Persian leaders although their rival cultures were sharply contrasted.

In the time of Alexander the Great the pure Persian blood was obviously confined to the nobles and it was the policy of Alexander to Hellenize the Persians and to amalgamate his Greeks with them.

The amount of pure Macedonian blood was not sufficient to reinforce the Nordic strain of the Persians and the net result was the entire loss of the Greek stock.

It is a question whether the Armenians of Asia Minor derived their Aryan speech from this invasion of the Nordic Persians, or whether they received it at an earlier date from the Phrygians and from the west.

These Phrygians entered Asia Minor by way of the Dardanelles and broke up the Hittite Empire.

Their language was Aryan and probably was related to Thracian.

In favor of the theory of the introduction of the Armenian language by the Phrygians from the west, rather than by the Persians from the east, is the highly significant fact that the basic structure of that tongue shows its relationship to be with the western or Centum rather than with the eastern or Satem group of Aryan languages and this, too, in spite of a very large Persian vocabulary.

The Armenians themselves, like all the other natives of the plateaux and highlands as far east as the Hindu Kush Mountains, while of Aryan speech, are of the Armenoid subdivision, in sharp contrast to the predominant types south of the mountains in Persia, Afghanistan and Hindustan, all of which are dolichocephalic and of Mediterranean affinity but generally betraying traces of admixture with still more ancient races of Negroid origin, especially in India.

We now come to the last and easternmost extension of Aryan languages in Asia.

As mentioned above, the grasslands and steppes of Russia extend north of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea to ancient Bactria, now Turkestan.

This whole country was occupied by the Nordic Sacæ and the closely related Massagetæ.

These Sacæ may be identical with the later Scythians.

Soon after the opening of the second millennium B. C.

and perhaps even earlier, the first Nordics crossed over the Afghan passes, entered the plains of India and organized a state in the Punjab, “the land of the five rivers,” bringing with them Aryan speech to a population probably of Mediterranean type and represented to-day by the Dravidians.

The Nordic Sacæ arrived later in India and introduced the Vedas, religious poems, which were at first transmitted orally but which were reduced to written form in Old Sanskrit by the Brahmans at the comparatively late date of 300 A. D.

From this classic Sanskrit are derived all the modern Aryan languages of Hindustan, as well as the Singalese of Ceylon and the chief dialects of Assam.

There is great diversity among scholars as to the date of the first entry of these Aryan-speaking tribes into the Punjab but the consensus of opinion seems to indicate a period between 1600 and 1700 B. C.

or even somewhat earlier.

However, the very close affinity of Sanskrit to the Old Persian of Darius and to the Zendavesta would strongly indicate that the final introduction of Aryan languages in the form of Sanskrit occurred at a much later time.

The most recent tendency is to bring these dates somewhat forward.

If close relationship between languages indicates correlation in time then the entry of the Sacæ into India would appear to have been nearly simultaneous with the crossing of the Caucasus by the Nordic Cimmerians and their Persian successors.

The relationship between the Zendavesta and the Sanskrit Vedas is as near as that between High and Low German and consequently such close affinity prevents our thrusting back the date of the separation of the Persians and the Sacæ more than a few centuries.

A simultaneous migration of nomad shepherds on both sides of the Caspian-Aral Sea would naturally occur in a general movement southward and such migrations may have taken place several times.

In all probability these Nordic invasions occurred one after another for a thousand years or more, the later ones obscuring and blurring the memory of their predecessors.

When shepherd tribes leave their grasslands and attack their agricultural neighbors, the reason is nearly always a famine due to prolonged drought and causes such as these have again and again in history put the nomad tribes in motion over large areas.

During many centuries fresh tribes composed of Nordics or under the leadership of Nordics but all Aryan-speaking, poured over the Afghan passes from the northwest and pushed before them the earlier arrivals.

Clear traces of these successive floods of conquerors are to be found in the Vedas themselves.

The Zendic form of the Iranian group of Aryan languages was spoken by those Sacæ who remained in old Bactria and from it is derived a whole group of closely related dialects still used in the Pamirs of which Ghalcha is the best known.

The Sacæ and Massagetæ were, like the Persians, tall, blond dolichocephs and they have left behind them dim traces of their blood among the living Mongolized nomads of Turkestan, the Kirghizes.

Ancient Bactria maintained its Nordic and Aryan aspect long after Alexander’s time and did not become Mongolized and receive the sinister name of Turkestan until the seventh century, when it was the first victim of the series of ferocious invasions from the north and east, which under various Mongol leaders destroyed civilization in Asia and threatened its existence in Europe.

These conquests culminated in 1241 A. D.

at Wahlstatt in Silesia where the Germans, though themselves badly defeated, put a final limit to this westward rush of Asiatics.

The Sacæ were the most easterly members of the Nordic race of whom we have definite record.

The Chinese knew well these “green eyed devils,” whom they called by their Tatar name, the “Wu-suns,”—the tall ones—and with whom they came into contact about 200 B. C.

in what is now Chinese Turkestan.

Other Nordic tribes are recorded in this region.

Evidence is accumulating that central Asia had a large Nordic population in the centuries preceding the Christian era.

The discovery of the Aryan Tokharian language in Chinese Turkestan considered in connection with other facts indicates intensive occupation by Nordics of territories in central Asia now wholly Mongol, just as in Europe dark-haired Alpines occupy large territories where in Roman times fair-haired Nordics were preponderant.

In short we find both in Europe and in western and central Asia the same record of Nordic decline during the last two thousand years and their replacement by races of inferior value and civilization.

This Tokharian is undoubtedly a pure Aryan language related, curiously enough, to the western group rather than to the Indo-Iranian.

It has been deciphered from inscriptions recently found in northeast Turkestan and was a living language prior to the ninth century A. D.

Of all the wonderful conquests of the Sacæ there remain as evidence of their invasions only these Indian and Afghan languages.

Dim traces of their blood have been found in the Pamirs and in Afghanistan, but in the south their blond traits have vanished, even from the Punjab.

It may be that the stature of some of the Afghan hill tribes and of the Sikhs and some of the facial characters of the latter are derived from this source, but all blondness of skin, hair or eye of the original Sacæ has utterly vanished.

The long skulls all through India are to be attributed to the Mediterranean race rather than to this Nordic invasion, while the Pre-Dravidians and Negroids of south India, with which the former are largely mixed, are also dolichocephs.

In short, the introduction in Iran and India of Aryan languages, Iranian, Ghalchic and Sanskrit, represents a linguistic and not an ethnic conquest.

In concluding this revision of the racial foundations upon which the history of Europe has been based it is scarcely necessary to point out that the actual results of the spectacular conquests and invasions of history have been far less permanent than those of the more insidious victories arising from the crossing of two diverse races and that in such mixtures the relative prepotency of the various human subspecies in Europe appears to be in inverse ratio to their social value.

The continuity of physical traits and the limitation of the effects of environment to the individual only are now so thoroughly recognized by scientists that it is at most a question of time when the social consequences which result from such crossings will be generally understood by the public at large.

As soon as the true bearing and import of the facts are appreciated by lawmakers a complete change in our political structure will inevitably occur and our present reliance on the influence of education will be superseded by a readjustment based on racial values.

Bearing in mind the extreme antiquity of physical and spiritual characters and the persistency with which they outlive those elements of environment termed language, nationality and forms of government, we must consider the relation of these facts to the development of the race in America.

We may be certain that the progress of evolution is in full operation to-day under those laws of nature which control it and that the only sure guide to the future lies in the study of the operation of these laws in the past.

We Americans must realize that the altruistic ideals which have controlled our social development during the past century and the maudlin sentimentalism that has made America “an asylum for the oppressed,” are sweeping the nation toward a racial abyss.

If the Melting Pot is allowed to boil without control and we continue to follow our national motto and deliberately blind ourselves to all “distinctions of race, creed or color,” the type of native American of Colonial descent will become as extinct as the Athenian of the age of Pericles, and the Viking of the days of Rollo.

APPENDIX

The maps shown facing pages 266, 268, 270, and 272 of this book attempt in broad and somewhat hypothetical lines to represent by means of color diagrams the original distribution and the subsequent expansion and migration of the three main European races, the Mediterranean, the Alpine and the Nordic, as outlined in this book.

THE MAXIMUM EXPANSION OF THE ALPINES WITH BRONZE CULTURE, 3000–1800 B. C.

The first map (Pl.

I) shows the distribution of these races at the close of the Neolithic, as well as their later expansion.

It also indicates the sites of earlier cultures.

The distribution of megaliths in Asia Minor on the north coast of Africa and up the Atlantic seaboard through Spain, France and Britain to Scandinavia is set forth.

These great stone monuments were seemingly the work of the Mediterranean race using, however, a culture of bronze acquired from the Alpines.

The map also shows the sites throughout Russia of the kurgans, or ancient artificial mounds, distribution of which seems to correspond closely with the original habitat of the Nordics.

In southwestern France there is indicated the area where the Cro-Magnon race persisted longest and where traces of it are still to be found.

The site is shown of the type station of the latest phase of the Paleolithic known as the Mas d’Azil—a great cavern in the eastern Pyrenees from which that period took its name of Azilian.

At the entrance of the Baltic Sea is also shown the type station of the Maglemose culture which flourished at the close of the Paleolithic and was probably the work of early Nordics.

In the centre of the district occupied by the Alpines is located Robenhausen, the most characteristic of the Neolithic lake dwelling stations and also the Terramara stations in which a culture transitional between the Neolithic and the bronze existed.

In the Tyrol the site is indicated of the village of Hallstatt, which gave its name to the first iron culture.

The site of La Tène at the north end of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland is also shown.

From this village the La Tène Iron Age takes its name.

The difficulty of depicting the shifting of races during twelve centuries is not easily overcome, but the map attempts to show that at the close of the Neolithic all the coast lands of the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic seaboard up to Germany and including the British Isles were populated by the Mediterranean race, in addition, of course, to remnants of earlier Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, who probably, at that date, still formed an appreciable portion of the population.

The yellow arrows indicate the route of the migrations of Mediterranean man, who appears to have entered Europe from the east along the African littoral.

But the main invasions passed up through Spain and Gaul into the British Isles, where from that time to this they have formed the substratum of the population.

In the central portion of their range these Mediterraneans were swamped by the Alpines, as shown by the spreading green, while in northern Gaul and Britain the Mediterraneans were submerged afterward by Nordics, as appears on the later maps.

The arrows and routes of migration shown on the yellow area of this map indicate changes which occurred during the Neolithic and perhaps earlier, but the pink and red arrows in the northern and southeastern portions represent migrations which were in full swing and in fact were steadily increasing during the entire period involved.

The next map shows these Nordics bursting out of their original homeland in every direction and in their turn conquering Europe.

[Illustration: MAXIMUM EXPANSION of ALPINES with BRONZE CULTURE—3000–1800 B.

C.

(generalized scheme) by Madison Grant] Between these two races, the Mediterranean and the Nordic, there entered a great intrusion of Alpines, flowing from the highlands of western Asia through Asia Minor and up the valley of the Danube throughout central Europe and thence expanding in every direction.

Forerunners of these same Alpines were found in western Europe as far back as the closing Azilian phase of the Paleolithic, where they are known as the Furfooz-Grenelle race and are thus contemporary in western Europe with the earliest Mediterraneans.

During all the Neolithic the Alpines occupied the mountainous core of Europe, but their great and final expansion occurred at the close of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Period, when a new and extensive Alpine invasion from the region of the Armenian highlands brought in the Bronze culture.

This last migration apparently followed the routes of the earlier invasions and, in the extreme southwest, it even reached Spain in small numbers, where its remnants can still be found in the Cantabrian Alps.

The Alpines occupied all Savoy and central France, where from that day to this they constitute the bulk of the peasant population.

They reached Brittany and to-day that peninsula is their westernmost outpost.

They crossed over in small numbers to Britain and some even reached Ireland.

In England they were the men of the Round Barrows, but nearly all trace of this invasion has vanished from the living population.

The Alpines also reached Holland, Denmark and southwestern Norway and traces of their colonization in these countries are still found.

The author has attempted to indicate the lines of this Alpine expansion by means of the solid green spreading over central Europe and Asia Minor, with outlying dots showing the outer limits of the invasion.

Black arrows proceeding from the east denote its main lines and routes.

Those Alpines who crossed the Caucasus passed through southern Russia and a side wave of the same migration passed down the Syrian coast to Egypt and along the north coast of Africa, entering Italy by way of Sicily.

The last African invasion left behind it the Giza round skulls of Egypt.

This final Alpine expansion taught the other races of Europe, both Mediterranean and Nordic, the art of metallurgy.

The Nordics apparently originated in southern Russia, but long before the Bronze Period they had spread northward across the Baltic into Scandinavia, where they specialized into the race now known as the Scandinavian or Teutonic.

On the map the continental Nordics are indicated by pink and the Nordics of Scandinavia are shown in red.

At the very end of the period covered by this map, these Scandinavian Nordics were beginning to return to the continent.

The routes of these migrations and their extent are indicated by red arrows and circles respectively.

To sum up, this map shows the expansion from central Asia of the round skull Alpines across central Europe, submerging, in the south and west, the little, dark, long skulled Mediterraneans of Neolithic culture, while at the same time they pressed heavily upon the Nordics in the north and introduced Bronze culture among them.

This development of the Alpines at the expense of the Mediterraneans had a permanent influence in western Europe, but in the north their impress was of a more temporary character.

It is probable that in the first instance they were able to conquer the Nordics by reason of the superiority of bronze weapons to stone hatchets.

But no sooner had they imparted the knowledge of the manufacture and use of metal weapons and tools to the Nordics than the latter turned on their conquerors and completely mastered them, as appears on the next map.

THE EXPANSION OF THE PRE-TEUTONIC NORDICS, 1800–100 B.

C.

The second map (Pl.

II) of the series shows the shattering and submergence of the green Alpine area by the pink Nordic area.

It will be noted that in Italy, Spain, France and Britain the solid green and the green dots have steadily declined and in central Europe the green has been torn apart and riddled in every direction by pink arrows and pink dots, leaving solid green only in mountainous and infertile districts.

This submergence of the Alpines by the Nordics was so complete that their very existence was forgotten until in our own day it was discovered that the central core of Europe was inhabited by a short, stocky, round skulled race originally from Asia.

To-day these Alpines are gradually recovering their influence in the world by sheer weight of numbers.

On this map the green Alpine area is shown to be everywhere shrinking except in the countries around the Carpathians and the Dnieper River, where the Sarmatians and Wends are located.

It was in this district that the Slavic-speaking Alpines were developing.

Simultaneously with this expansion toward the west, south and east of the continental Nordics, the Scandinavian or Teutonic tribes appear on the scene in increasing numbers, as shown by the red area and red arrows, pressing upon and forcing ahead of them their kinsmen on the mainland.

[Illustration: EXPANSION OF THE PRE-TEUTONIC NORDICS 1800–100 B. C.

(generalized scheme) by Madison Grant] The pink arrows in Spain show the invasion of Celtic-speaking Nordics, closely related to the Nordic Gauls who a little earlier had conquered France.

This same wave of Nordic invasion crossed the Channel and appears in the pink dots of Britain and Ireland, where the intruders are known as Goidels.

These early Nordics were followed some centuries later by another wave of kindred peoples who were known as Brythons or Cymry in Britain and as Belgæ on the continent.

These Cymric Belgæ or Brythons probably represented the mixed descendants of the earliest Teutons who crossed from Scandinavia and had adopted and modified the Celtic languages spoken by the continental Nordics.

These Cymric-speaking Nordics drove before them the earlier Gauls in France and the Goidels in Britain, but their impulse westward was very likely caused by the oncoming rush of pure Teutons from Scandinavia and the Baltic coasts.

In Italy the pink arrows entering from the west show the route of the invading Gauls, who occupied the country north of the Apennines and made it Cisalpine Gaul, while the arrows entering Italy from the northeast show the earlier invasions of the Nordic Umbrians and Oscans, who introduced Aryan speech into Italy.

Farther east in Greece and the Balkans, the pink arrows show the routes of invasion of the Achæans and the kindred Phrygians of Homer as well as the later Dorians and Cimmerians.

In the region of the Caucasus, the routes of the invading Persians are shown and, north of the Caspian Sea, the line of migration of the Sacæ from the grasslands of southern Russia toward the east.

In the inset map in the upper right corner is shown the expansion of these Nordics into Asia, where the Sacæ and closely related Massagetæ occupied what is now Turkestan and from this centre swarmed over the mountains of Afghanistan into India and introduced Aryan speech among the swarming millions of that peninsula.

In the northern part of the main map the expansion of the Teutonic Nordics is shown, with the Goths in the east and Saxons in the west of the red area, but the salient feature is the expansion of the pink at the expense of the green and the ominous growth of the red area centring around Scandinavia in the north.

THE EXPANSION OF THE TEUTONIC NORDICS AND SLAVIC ALPINES, 100 B. C. TO

1100 A.

D.

This map (Pl.

III) shows the yellow area greatly diminished in central and northern Europe, while it retains its supremacy in Spain and Italy as well as on the north coast of Africa.

In the latter areas the green dots have nearly vanished and have been replaced by pink and red dots.

In central Europe the green area is still more broken up and reduced to a minimum.

In the Balkans and eastern Europe, however, two large centres of green, north and south of the Danube respectively, represent the expanding power of the Slavic-speaking Alpines.

The pink area of the continental Nordics is everywhere fading and is on the point of vanishing as a distinctive type and of merging in the red.

The expansion of the Teutonic Nordics from Scandinavia and from the north of Germany is now at its maximum and they are everywhere pressing through the Empire of Rome and laying the foundations of the modern nations of Europe.

The Vandals have migrated from the coasts of the Baltic to what is now Hungary, then westward into France and finally, after occupying for a while southern Spain, under pressure of the kindred Visigoths to northern Africa, where they established a kingdom which is the sole example we have of a Teutonic state on that continent.

The Visigoths and Suevi laid the foundations of Spain and Portugal, while the Franks, Burgundians and Normans transformed Gaul into France.

[Illustration: EXPANSION OF THE TEUTONIC NORDICS AND SLAVIC ALPINES 100 BC–1100 AD (generalized scheme) by Madison Grant] Into Italy for a thousand years floods of Nordic Teutons crossed the Alps and settled along the Po Valley.

While many tribes participated in these invasions, the most important migration was that of the Lombards, who, coming from the basin of the Baltic by way of the Danubian plains, occupied the Po Valley in force and scattered a Teutonic nobility throughout the peninsula.

The Lombard and kindred strains in the north give to that portion of the peninsula its present predominance over the provinces south of the Apennines.

The conquest of the British Isles by the Teutonic and Scandinavian Nordics was far more complete than was their conquest of Spain, Italy or even northern France.

When these Teutons arrived upon the scene, the ancient, dark Neolithics had very largely absorbed the early Nordic invaders, Goidels and Cymry alike.

Floods of Saxons, of Angles and later of Danes, crossed the Channel and the North Sea and displaced the old population in Scotland and the eastern half of England, while Norse Vikings following in their wake occupied nearly all of the outlying islands and much of the coast.

Both these later invasions, Danish and Norse, passed around the greater island and inundated Ireland, so that the big, blond or red-haired Irishman of to-day is to a large extent a Dane in a state of culture analogous to that of Scotland before the Reformation.

This map shows that the vitality of Scandinavia was far from exhausted after sending for upward of two thousand years tribe after tribe across to the continent and that it was now producing an extraordinarily vigorous type, the Vikings in the west and the equally warlike and energetic Varangians in the east, who migrated back to the motherland of the Nordics and laid the foundations of modern Russia.

While all these splendid conquests were in full swing a little known group of tribes was growing and spreading in eastern and southern Germany and in Austria-Hungary and occupying the lands left vacant by the Teutonic nations, which had invaded the Roman Empire.

From this centre in the neighborhood of the Carpathians and in Galicia eastward to the head of the Dnieper River, the Wends and Sarmatians expanded in all directions.

They were the ancestors of those Alpines who are to-day Slavic-speaking.

From this obscure beginning came the bulk of the Russians and the South Slavs.

The expansion of the Slavs is one of the most significant features of the Dark Ages and the author has attempted to indicate the centre of expansion of these tribes by green dots and green arrows, radiating in all directions from the solid green area in Europe.

To sum up this map, the yellow area has steadily declined everywhere, while in western Europe the green area is now limited to the infertile and backward mountain regions.

In eastern Europe, however, this same green Alpine area is showing a marvellous capacity for recovery, as will appear from the map of the races of to-day.

The red area is widely spread and occupies the river valleys and the fertile lands and represents everywhere the ruling, military aristocracy more or less thinly scattered over a conquered peasantry of Mediterranean and Alpine blood.

One phenomenon of dire import is shown on the map, where, coming from the districts north and east of the Caspian Sea, certain black arrows are seen shooting westward into Europe, reaching in one extreme instance as far as Châlons in France, where Attila nearly succeeded in destroying what remained of western civilization.

These arrows mark respectively Huns, Cumans, Avars, Magyars, Bulgars and other Asiatic hordes, probably for the most part of Mongoloid origin and coming originally from central Asia far beyond the range of Aryan speech.

These hordes of Mongoloids destroyed the budding culture of Russia, while at a later date kindred tribes under the name of Turks or Tatars flooded the Balkans and the valley of the Danube but these later invasions entered Europe from Asia Minor.

[Illustration: PRESENT DISTRIBUTION

OF

EUROPEAN RACES

(generalized scheme) by Madison Grant ] THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN RACES

The preparation of the last map (Pl.

IV), showing the present distribution of European races, was in some respects a more intricate task than that of the earlier maps.

The main difficulty is that, as a result of successive migrations and expansions, the different races of Europe are now often represented by distinct classes.

Numerically one type may be in a majority, as are the Rumanians in eastern Hungary, where they constitute nearly two-thirds of the population.

At the same time this majority is of no intellectual or social importance, since all the professional and military classes in Transylvania are either Magyar or Saxon.

Under the existing scheme of showing majorities by color these ruling minorities do not appear at all.

In this last map the yellow is beginning to expand, especially in the British Isles.

The green also is recovering somewhat in central and western Europe, but in the Balkans, eastern Germany, Austria and above all in Poland and Russia, it has largely replaced the former Nordic color.

The pink, _i.

e. _, the continental Nordics as a distinct type, has entirely vanished and has been everywhere replaced by the Teutonic red.

This does not mean that there are no existing remnants of the continental Nordics, but it does mean that these remnants cannot now be distinguished from the all-pervading and masterful type of the Teutonic Nordics.

In general, this last map, as compared with the earlier ones, although showing a steady shrinkage of the Nordic area, brings out clearly the manner in which it centres around the basins of the Baltic and the North Sea, radiating thence in every direction and in decreasing numbers.

The menace of the continued expansion of the green area westward and northward into the red area of the Nordics is undoubtedly one of the causes of the present world war.

This expansion began as far back as the fall of Rome, but only in our day and generation has this backward race even claimed a parity of strength and culture with the Master Race.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

The purpose of these notes is to meet an insistent demand for authorities for the statements made in the body of the book.

As was mentioned in the Introduction, in a work of this compass and aim, mere lack of space forbade all but the barest outlines, so that often an appearance of dogmatism was the result.

There is a vast literature on the subjects discussed and to give all the references would be almost a physical impossibility.

It is particularly difficult to name all that has appeared in periodicals, since they have become so numerous, especially during the last few years.

The author has in mind to refer only to those works which bear directly on the most essential statements made and, necessarily, to but a part of these.

In many cases only books which are most easily available have been used.

The author has intentionally quoted chiefly works in English, where these exist, and when using foreign authorities has translated the statements.

It must be clearly understood that the references are given for the facts rather than the theories they contain.

In no case, unless specifically stated, is the author committed to the conclusions drawn in the works cited.

In order to present all sides, authorities who differ in viewpoint are sometimes listed, the reader being left to make his own decision of the case.

It is hoped that the references will be of assistance to students of anthropology and to those who care to inquire further into the subjects under discussion.

Where an author is quoted frequently or for more than one book, he is referred to merely by name; the book is given by number immediately following.

Its full title may be ascertained in the bibliography.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

_PART I_

INTRODUCTION

Page xix : line 22. Immutability of somatological or bodily characters.

Charles B. Davenport, pp. 225 _seq.

_ and 252 _seq.

_: William E. Castle, 1, pp. 125 _seq.

_; Frederick Adams Woods, 3, p. 107; and Edwin G. Conklin, 1, pp. 191 _seq.

_ See the note to p. 226, 7 for a quotation from Conklin bearing on this point.

xix : 23. Immutability of psychical predispositions and impulses.

See note above.

Professor Irving Fisher said, on p. 627 of _National Vitality_, speaking of laws relating to eugenics: “What such laws might accomplish may be judged from the history of two criminal families, the ‘Jukes’ and the ‘Tribe of Ishmael.

’ Out of 1,200 descendants from the founder of the ‘Jukes’ through 75 years, 310 were professional paupers ...

50 were prostitutes, 7 murderers, 60 habitual thieves, and 130 common criminals.

” Certainly these facts were not all due entirely to identity or similarity of environment.

On p. 675 we read: “Similarly, the ‘Tribe of Ishmael,’ numbering 1,692 individuals in six generations, has produced 121 known prostitutes and has bred hundreds of petty thieves, vagrants and murderers.

The history of the tribe is a swiftly moving picture of social degeneration and gross parasitism extending from its seventeenth century convict ancestry to the present day horde of wandering and criminal descendants.

” See R. L.

Dugdale and Oscar C. McCulloch, pp. 154–159. For transmission of opposite tendencies see pp. 675–676, Fisher.

The Jukes were a family of Dutch descent, living in an isolated valley in the mountains of northern New York.

The Ishmaels were a family of central Indiana which came from Maryland through Kentucky.

The Kalikak family is another striking instance.

See also Davenport, 1, and the note to p. 226: 7. xxi : 5. Professor Charles B. Davenport says in correspondence: “By the way, it was Judge John Lowell who added ‘free and’ to the words of the Declaration in writing the Constitution of Massachusetts in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

” xxiii : 20–25. _A Statistical Account of the British Empire.

_ J.

R.

McCulloch, vol. I, pp. 400 seq.

CHAPTER I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY

4 : 6. Archbishop Ussher, 1581–1656. See the _New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia_; also other religious encyclopedias.

Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 8. 5 : 15. See Émile Faguet, _Le Culte de l’Incompétence_.

6 : 3. _Cf.

_ _The Loyalists of Massachusetts_, by James H. Stark.

9 : 7. A good description of conditions is to be found in Bryce’s _The Remarkable History of the Hudson’s Bay Company_, p. 73, all of chapter XLII and elsewhere.

10 : 3 _seq.

_ Charles B. Davenport, _passim_, has discussed migratory instincts, see especially 1. 10 : 16–17. These conditions are quaintly described in what is known as the _Italian Relation_, translated by Charlotte Augusta Sneyd.

See especially pp. 34 and 36. The resulting laws may be found in Sir James Fitzjames Stephen’s _History of the Criminal Law of England_, vol. III,

pp. 267 seq.

; Pollard’s Political History of England, vol. VI, pp. 29–30; Green’s _History of the English People_, vol. II, pp. 20; and elsewhere.

11 : 3. See the note to p. 79: 15. 11 : 17. See Notes to p. 218: 16. 11 : 20. For a very interesting series of letters written from Santo Domingo in 1808 concerning conditions among the whites as the negro slaves were gaining the ascendancy, consult the anonymous _Secret History, or The Horrors of Santo Domingo_, in a series of letters written by a lady at Cape François to Colonel Burr (late Vice-President of the United States), principally during the command of General Rochambeau.

Lothrop Stoddard, in his _French Revolution in San Domingo_, pp. 25 _seq.

_, gives a vivid picture of these times and conditions.

11 : 24. _Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics_, Prescott Hall, pp. 125–127. CHAPTER II. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

13 : 7. See W. D.

Matthew, _Climate and Evolution_; John C. Merriam, _The Beginnings of Human History, Read from the Geological Record: The Emergence of Man_, especially pp. 208–209 of the first part; and Madison Grant, _The Origin and Relationships of North American Mammals_, pp. 5–7. 13 : 20. Mendelism.

See Edwin G. Conklin, 1, chap.

III, C, pp. 224 _seq.

_, or 2, vol. X, no. 2, pp. 170 _seq.

_ Also Punnett’s _Mendelism_, or the appendix to Castle’s _Genetics and Eugenics_, which is a translation of Mendel’s paper.

Practically all late writers on heredity give Mendel’s principles.

13 : 22–14 : 10 For these and other statements on heredity see the writings of Charles B. Davenport, Frederic Adams Woods, G. Archdall Reid, Edwin G. Conklin, Thomas Hunt Morgan, E. B.

Wilson, J. Arthur Thomson, William E. Castle, and Henry Fairfield Osborn, 2. 14 : 10 _seq.

_ Blends.

E.

G.

Conklin remarks in correspondence: “In so far as races interbreed, their characters mingle but do not blend or fuse, and come out again in all their purity in descendants.

” See also the same authority, 1, pp. 208, 280, 282–287. Every now and then an observation is met with which corroborates this statement.

The inheritance from one parent or the other of the shape of the skull, in a fairly pure form, has been noted a number of times.

Fleure and James in their study of the _Anthropological Types in Wales_, p. 39, make the following observation: “It may be said that certain component features of head form, in many cases, seem to segregate more or less in Mendelian fashion, but this is a matter for further investigation; we are on safer ground in saying that the children of parents of different head form very frequently show a fairly complete resemblance to one or other parent, _i.

e. _, that head form is frequently inherited in a fairly pure fashion.

” Von Luschan found still more striking evidence of this in his study of modern Greeks, which he describes in his _Early Inhabitants of Western Asia_.

He has found that the children of parents of different head form inherit in quite strict fashion the shape of skull of one or the other parent, and that the population, instead of being mesaticephalic, is to-day as distinctly divided into two groups, dolichol- and brachycephalic, as in prehistoric times, in spite of the constant intermixture that has occurred.

14 : 18. See notes to p. 13. This is a statement made by Dr. Davenport, in correspondence.

15 : 17. On the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon types consult Professor Arthur Keith, 1, pp. 101–120, and 2; also Henry Fairfield Osborn, 1, the table on p. 23, pp. 214 _seq.

_, 289 _seq.

_, 291–305 and elsewhere, and the authorities given.

On the resurgence of types, see Beddoe, 4; Fleure and James;

Giuffrida-Ruggeri; Parsons; and numerous other recent anthropologists.

15 : 25. See the notes to p. xix of the Introduction to this book, and Keith, 2. 15 : 29 _seq.

_ Professor G. Elliot Smith, _The Ancient Egyptians_, chap.

IV, and pp. 41 _seq.

_ On p. 43 we read: “If we want to add to such sources of information and complete the picture of the early Egyptian ...

he can be found reincarnated in his modern descendants with surprisingly little change, either in physical characteristics or mode of life, to show for the passage of six thousand years.

” On p. 44: “Although alien elements from north and south have been coming into Upper Egypt for fifty centuries, it has been a process of percolation, and not an overwhelming rush; the population has been able to assimilate the alien minority and retain its own distinctive features and customs with only slight change; and however large a proportion of the population has taken on hybrid traits resulting from Negro, Arab, or Armenoid admixture, there still remain in the Thebaid large numbers of its people who present features and bodily conformation precisely similar to those of their remote ancestors, the Proto-Egyptians.

” See also G. Sergi, 1, p. 65, and 4, p. 200. 17 : 5. See Franz Boas, _Changes in the Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants_, pp. 9, 27, etc. 17 : 28–18 : 7. See the notes to p. 13. 18 : 13. See notes to p. 14. Also Ripley, pp. 465–466 for a statement as to brunetness.

18 : 24–19 : 2. E.

G.

Conklin, 1, pp. 454–455, and 2, especially vol. X,

no. 1, pp. 55–58. 19 : 3. Anders Retzius was the first to make use of the head form in anthropological study, and to give the impetus to the index measurement system in _The Form of the Skulls of the Northern Peoples of Europe_.

See also A. C.

Haddon, 1, chap.

I, in which he discusses these traits in full, and Ripley, chap.

III, especially pp. 55 _seq.

_ Modern physical anthropologists still agree that the skull form is a most stable and reliable character.

19 : 25. Ripley, p. 39. 19 : 27–pp. 20 and 21. Beddoe, Broca, Collignon, Livi, Topinard and a host of other anthropologists all affirm the existence of three European racial types, which Ripley has discussed exhaustively.

Deniker alone differs from them in classifying the populations of Europe, from the same data, into six principal races and four or more sub-races.

See Appendix D, in Ripley’s _Races of Europe_.

The three terms, Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean, have now become quite generally accepted designations for the three European races.

The term Nord, rather than Nordic, has been chosen, perhaps more wisely, by some authors.

In the present book these names are applied with quite different connotations from those usually understood.