History of the Jews in America — Present Conditions. The Number and the Dispersion of Jews in America. Conclusion

CHAPTER XLIV. PRESENT CONDITIONS.

THE NUMBER AND THE DISPERSION

OF JEWS IN AMERICA.

CONCLUSION.

Dispersion of the Jews over the country and its colonial possessions――The number of Jews in the United States about three millions――The number of communities in various States―― The number of Jews in the large cities――The number of the congregations is far in excess of the recorded figures――The process of disintegration and the counteracting forces――The building of synagogues――Charity work is not overshadowing other communal activities as in the former period, and more attention is paid to affairs of Judaism――The conciliatory spirit and the tendency to federate――Self-criticism and dissatisfaction which are an incentive to improvement――Our great opportunity here―― Our hope in the higher civilization in which the injustices of the older order of things may never reappear.

Jews are living at present (1911) in every State and Territory of the United States, and there are small communities in Hawaii, Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands.

There are some forms of Jewish organizations, synagogues, lodges or cemetery associations in more than 750 separate localities, from places where there is only a “minyan” on the High Holidays at the beginning of the Jewish year, to the immense Jewish community of New York City, which is estimated to consist of nearly 1,000,000 souls.

Wherever actual figures as to the number of Jewish inhabitants in smaller places and the number of synagogues in larger cities are obtained, they are usually far in excess of the published figures and estimates, and there seems to be justification for placing the number of Jews in the country at not far below 3,000,000, if not actually at that number.

While the largest communities, as well as the largest number of communities, remain in the East and the Middle West, the dispersion is much more extensive than is generally supposed.

There are, for instance, nearly forty cities and towns in Texas which have Jewish communities; other Southern States, like Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia, have each about, or nearly, half that number, and Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee about ten each.

Each of the new States of Arizona and New Mexico have three or four Jewish communities, Oklahoma has five; Florida, in the extreme South, and Maine, the furthest North, each have about a half dozen; California has more than both of them together; Washington has three, and Oregon one.

Of the other far Western States Utah has two communities, Montana two, Nevada one, Idaho one, Wyoming one and Colorado nine.

Coming to the nearer Western States and toward the border States, we find four communities in Nebraska, eight in Kansas, twelve in Missouri, thirteen in Iowa, eight in Kentucky and five in West Virginia.

North Dakota has five, Minnesota eight, while Wisconsin, with nineteen, and Michigan, with twenty-four, show the result of proximity to the great Central States where Jews have been settled in considerable numbers for the last two generations.

Among those States Illinois has the largest number of Jews, owing to the great community of Chicago, while the number of cities containing Jewish communities――twenty-three――is somewhat smaller than that of Indiana, which has twenty-six, and of Ohio, with its twenty-seven.

We notice the same in the two greatest States in the East, where, if we consider Greater New York City as one community, the number of places containing Jewish organizations is slightly less than in Pennsylvania, which has sixty-two such places.

New Jersey has more than forty, and of the New England States Massachusetts leads with thirty-five, and Connecticut is second, having twenty.

Rhode Island has seven; Vermont and New Hampshire four each.

The list is completed with one community in the District of Columbia, five in Maryland and one in Delaware.

[64] Philadelphia and Chicago are, besides New York, the only two cities which contain about 100,000 or more Jews each.

Boston has about three-fourths of that number, Baltimore, Cleveland and St. Louis about 50,000 each, and after them come in the order named: Newark, San Francisco, Pittsburg and Cincinnati (with about 30,000 each); Detroit, Buffalo, Providence and Jersey City, each having about half of that number, while Rochester, Syracuse, New Haven, Milwaukee, Louisville, New Orleans and Kansas City belong to the class which have 10,000 or more.

The twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul would belong to that class if they were considered as one, which they really are.

Washington, the national capital, belong to the class of cities having between 5 and 10,000 Jews, which includes Albany, N. Y.

; Columbus, Ohio;

Dallas, Tex.

; Denver, Colo.

; Pall River, Mass.

; Hartford, Conn.

;

Indianapolis, Ind.

; Los Angeles, Cal.

; Memphis, Tenn.

; Omaha, Neb.

;

Paterson, N. J; Portland, Ore.

; Scranton, Pa.

; Seattle, Wash.

, and Trenton, N. J.

There are some old and important settlements containing less than 5,000, but the number which would have to be included in a class of communities of that size is too large to be mentioned.

Congregations are continually being organized and synagogues built in localities where none existed before, thus showing a gradual dispersion of Jews to all parts of the country, while new houses of worship in the large cities usually owe their erection to consolidation or to the settlement in new neighborhoods.

But only the buildings which are entirely devoted to religious services are apt to be noticed by those making records or gathering statistical material, while the small congregation which worships in a private dwelling is usually overlooked.

The statistics about Jewish congregations in the United States are for this reason more defective than the figures about any other phase of Jewish activity, and the total given by the above mentioned Year Book (for 5669, p. 65), _i.

e_.

, 1745, for the entire country, should be doubled to be nearer the truth, even if the lowest estimate of the number of Jews in the country is accepted as the most probable one.

If it must be admitted that a process of disintegration is going on, in which the pessimist sees something worse than a transformation or re-adjustment to new conditions in a new world, it is, on the other hand, obvious that a strong effort is made to counteract the forces of dissolution.

The various elements of the community, representing many countries and different strata of immigration, are coming together in a conciliatory spirit, as if instinctively impelled to co-operate.

The widespread activity in the building of synagogues, in which many whose attitude was formerly indifferent, and even hostile, now participate, is only one phase of the attempt to preserve Judaism in this country.

Much is done for charity and for Jewish education, the latter receiving more attention than ever before.

The public school systems of most of the larger cities, following New York’s example, have taken over the largest part of the work which was done before in Jewish institutions to Americanize the immigrant.

Not only the ♦proportion, but the actual number, of the dependents on charity is decreasing, and while the needs of Jewish charitable institutions are still great, more attention can now be paid to specifically Jewish matters than at the time when the problem of the material wants of the immigrants was overshadowing every other communal activity.

The attempts to organize on a more general scale, and to consolidate or federate existing organizations, which are frequently made and are more often successful than in the preceding periods, are the clearest manifestation of the spirit of the times in American Jewry.

In most of the large cities outside of New York the important local Jewish charities are now federated, and the plan of federation is continually gaining in favor.

The federations, of which there are now more than a dozen, and many other benevolent institutions of large and of smaller communities, are represented in the National Conference of Jewish Charities of the United States (organized 1899).

There is also noticeable in our communal life, as in American public life in general, that tendency to self-criticism which often degenerates into slander――that eternal dissatisfaction with things accomplished and with present conditions, which implies a sincere desire to achieve still better results.

While this discontent and the poor opinion which many of us have of the spiritual condition of the Jews in America are of immense value as incentives to improvement, it dims the eye of the foreign observer, especially if he comes from a country where complacency and self-praise are the rule.

It may still be too early to summarize the communal activities of the Jews in America, or to attempt to indicate how far we have approached the solution of the most pressing problems.

But signs of throbbing life are visible everywhere, and the interest of the individual Jew in Jewish affairs is increasing.

There is, therefore, every reason to believe and to hope that the opportunity which is afforded here to set the ♦Jewish house in order――the best, and perhaps the first, in the diaspora――will be utilized to its full extent by the future generations of native American Jews.

We are happy to have no Jewish problem here, in the sense in which the term is understood in the backward countries of the Old World.

We need not waste a part of our best energies in repelling attacks from an anti-Semitic press or a Judophobe party, and our usefulness to ourselves as well as to our neighbors is thereby enhanced.

Members of strange and hostile races and nationalities get along together in this country much better than anywhere else in the past or the present time, and their native children emerge from the “melting pot” united by a patriotism and a desire for improved conditions and improved relations which characterizes the American.

The secularity of the Government and the diversity of religious beliefs preclude the spread of the denominational bigotry which is the real cause of the persecution of the Jews in other countries; while the liberty and equality which are vouchsafed to every citizen must themselves be lost before the unfavorable conditions which prevail elsewhere can confront us here.

The Jew can become an American and at the same time preserve his religious distinctiveness, which he can lose only by his own negligence or disloyalty.

Let us hope that those who now earnestly work to strengthen and build up Judaism in America will be successful, and that the fate or Divine Providence which has preserved us for thousands of years brought us here to participate under new circumstances in the advancement to a higher civilization in which the injustices of the older one may never reappear.

INDEX.

A

Aaron, Jonas, 76 Aboab, 51 Aboab da Fonseca, Isaac, 38, 39, 40 Aboab, Raphael, 45 Abraham, Noah, 93 Abraham, Pinhas, 61 ♦Abramowitz, Rev. Herman, 384 Abrams family of New Hampshire, 109 Abrams, John, 110 Abrams, William, 110 Abravanel, Don Isaac, 12, 17 Adams, Charles Francis, 225 Adams, Dr. , 117 Adee, A. A.

, 313, 314 Adler, Sergt.

Abraham, 163 Adler, Cyrus, 200 (Note), 292, 340, 344, 356, 369, 370, 371, 375 Adler, Dankmar, 151 Adler, Elkan N. , 22, 24 Adler, Dr. Felix, 177 Adler, Jacob P. , 421 Adler, Rev. Liebman, 151, 155, 208 Adler, Dr. Samuel, 176–77 Adler, Sarah, 421 Adrian.

See Hadrian Agricultural Colonies, 266 ff.

(in Canada), 386 (in Argentine), 390 Aguilar, Rabbi Jacob d’, 38, 40 Aguilar, Raphael d’, 38 Alabama, 370, 425 Alamo Monument, 160 Alaska Commercial Co. , 157 Albany, N. Y.

, 175, 253, 426 Album, Rabbi Zebi Simon, 281 Albuquerque, Alphonso d’, 18 Albuquerque, Francisco d’, 18 Alcoran, 23 Aleinikoff, Nicholas, 287 Aleppo, 30 Alexander II.

, Emperor of Russia, 254 Algeciras, Spain, Conference of, 362 Algiers, Noah as American Consul there, 129 Alliance, N. J.

, 269 Alperstein, Rabbi Abr.

Eliezer, 282, 406 Ambrosius, Moses, 63 American Jewish Committee, 288, 366–72 American Jewish Historical Society, 291 American, Sadie, 296 Amerigo, see Vespucci Amesbury, Mass.

, 110 “Am Olam,” 262 Amram, David Werner, 413 Andrade, ♦Salvatore d’, (Note), 65, 67 Andron, S. , 376 Anixter, Rabbi ♦Eliezer, 282 Annapolis, Md.

, Naval Academy of, 333 Anti-Jewish Riots, see “Pogroms” Apotheker, David, 420 Appel, Major Aaron, 332 Appel, Major Daniel M. , 332 “Ararat,” City of Refuge for the Jews on Grand Island, 132 Argentine, 27 Argentine, 387 ff.

Aries, Isaac, 45 Arizona, 370, 425 Arkansas, 328, 370, 425 Aronson, Rabbi Joseph Moses, 406 Arthur, President Chester A. , 323, 396 Aryans, 3 Ash, Rabbi Abraham Joseph, 189, 190, 191 Ashinsky, Rabbi Aaron Mordecai, 282 ♦Ashkenazi, Dr. Herbert, 389 Astor, John Jacob, 70 Augusta, Ga.

, 144 Austria, 331 Autos da fe, 26, 27, 42 Avila, Bishop of, 13 Avilar, Capitein Jacob, 46 B

Bacher, Prof. Wilhelm, 340 Bahia, 34, 35 Baker, E. M.

, 370 Balatshano, Roumanian Minister, 345 Baltimore, Md.

, 125 ff.

, 176, 184, 234, 252, 282, 287, 354, 372, 378, 426 Bamberger, Herman, 152 Bamberger, Leopold, 295 Bamberger, Simon, 140 Barbadoes, 55–57 Baron de Hirsch Fund, 269, 289 Baron de Hirsch Institute, 385 Barondess, Joseph, 299, 371 ♦Barsimson, Jacob, 63 (Note), 66 Basle, Switzerland, 201 Baum, Abba, 190 Bavaria, 243 Bayard, M. L.

, 269 Bayard, Thomas F. , 312 Beaconsfield, Earl of, 227 Beeston, Sir William, Governor of Jamaica, 58 Belasco, David, 399 Belinfante, 60 Belisario, Family, 60 Belleville, Ont.

, 386 Belmonte, Benvenide, Poetess, 46 Bender, 357 ♦Bender, Canada, 386 Benderly, Dr. S.

, 372 Bendit, Solomon, 154 Benedict Brothers, 150 Benjamin, Aaron, 93 Benjamin, Abraham, 189 Benjamin, Alfred D. , 385 Benjamin, Eugene S. , 289 Benjamin, Judah P. , 148, 221–28 Benjamin, M. of Surinam, 76 Benjamin, Natalie St. Martin, 222 Benjamin, Philip and Rebeccah de Mendez, 221 Benjamin, Samuel, 383 Benjamin, Rev. Wolf, 107 ♦Bennett, James Gordon, 133 Berenson, Bernhard, 410 Berg, Emanuel M. , 155 Berkowitz, Dr. Henry, 295 Berlin, Ont.

, 386 Bernal, Family, 60 ♦Bernal, physician, 14 Bernays, Consul to Zürich, 205 Bernheim, Isaac W. , 370, 371 Bernstein, Bernhard, 422 Bernstein, Herman, 410 Bernstein, Hirsch, 256 Bessarabia, riot of, 344 Bien, Julius, 247 Bijur, Nathan, 289, 369, 371 Bindona, Joseph, 381 Blaine, James G. , 311, 398 Blaine, Margaret, 398 Blank, actor, 422 Blaustein, David, 287 Bloch or Block, family of St. Louis, 142 Bloch, H. F.

, 157 Bloch, Wolf, 142 Block, Eliezer, 142 Block, Rudolph, 410 Bloomfield, Gen. Joseph, 123 Bloomfield, Prof. Maurice, 400 Bloomgarden, Solomon, 418 Blum, Isidor (quoted), 124 Blumenberg, Gen. Leopold, 234, 235 B’nai B’rith, Ind.

Order, 247 Boas, Prof. Franz, 410 Bock, Mathias, Governor of Curaçao, 51 Bolivar, Simon, 392 Bolivia, 392 Bories, Rev. H.

, 157 Borowski, Isidor, 392 Bosquila, Rabbi, 75 Boston, Mass.

, 252, 282, 287, 362, 378, 426 Bousignac, Capt. Henri de, 228 Bovshoer, T. , 418 Brackenridge, Thomas, 125, 126 Braganza, family, owners of Jamaica, 57 Brainin, Reuben, 409, 423 Brandeis, Louis D. , 403 Brandford, Canada, 386 Bravo, 60 Bravo, Alexander, 60 Brazil, 17, 29, 34, 396 Breckenridge, Minister to Russia, 313, 314 Brenner, Victor D. , 396 Bresler, C. F.

, 154 Bresler, Louis, 154 Bridgetown, Barbadoes, 57 British American Colonies, naturalizations in, 60 British Columbia, 383 British West Indies, 55 Brittannia, 3 Brodsky, Rabbi H. S.

, 407 Brooklyn, N. Y.

, 253 Brounoff, Platon G. , 413 Brudno, Ezra S. , 410 Brunner, Arnold W. , 410 Brussels, Belgium, 366 Bublik, G. , 423 Buchanan, President James, 203 Bucharest, 352 Buckingham, Solomon, 138 Buenos Ayres, Argentine, 387 ff.

Buffalo, N. Y.

, 253, 426 Bukansky, M. , 423 Burgos, 15 Burgoyne, General, 382 Burlington, Ia.

, 153 Bush, David, 108 Bush, Isidor, 198 Bush, Lewis, 90, 108 Bush, Mathias, 76 Bush, Solomon, 90 Butensky, Julius, 396 Butler, Pierce (Note), 222 Buttenwieser, Dr. M.

, 375 Butzel, Henry M. , 370 C

Caballera, Diego, 21 Cahan, Abraham, 299, 410, 422 Calgary, Alberta (Can.

), 386 California, 155, 234, 328, 370, 403, 425 Calle, Alphonso de, 14 ♦Campanall, Mordecai, 73 Canada, 84, 380 ff.

Canon Law, 4 Cantors, their temporary prominence, 284 Capelle, Joseph, 109 Caplan, P. , 287 Carabajal (Carvalho?

), family, 25 Caracas, Venezuela, 392 Cardoze, 51 Cardozo, family, 60 Cardozo, Abraham Nunez, 79 Cardozo, E. A.

(quoted), 345 Cardozo, Isaac, 156 Carmel, N. J.

, 269 Caro, Joseph, 15 Carregal, Rabbi R. H.

I.

, 75 Carrilho, Ishac, 47 Carrilon, Rabbi B. C.

, of Surinam, 49 Carvalho of California, 155 Carvalho, Isaac, 47 Carvalho, S. , 414 Carvalho, Solomon N. , 417 ♦Caseras, Henrique de, 45 Caseres, Benjamin de, 55 Caseres, Henry de, 55 Cass, Lewis, 204 Cassard, French Commander, 46 Cassel, Selig (Dr. Paulus), 6 Casthunho, Isaac, 37 Castille, 5 Castle, Representative Curtis H. , 315 Castro, Abraham de, 40 Castro County, Tex.

, 161 Castro, Henry, 161 Castroville, Tex.

, 161 Catholics, 86, 110, 117, 320 Cayenne, 40, 43, 53, 56 Ceuta, North Africa, 11 Chan (Cahn?

), S.

Joseph, 140 Charitable Institutions, 248–9, 270 Charities, National Conference of Jewish, 428 Charles I. , King of Roumania, 344 Charles V. , Emperor, 21, 22 Charleston, S. C.

, 79, 102, 139, 168, 251 Chase, Gov. Salmon P. , 194 Chatham, N. B.

, 386 Chaviz, 51 Chicago, Ill.

, 150 ff.

, 177, 249, 252, 272, 281, 282, 287, 372, 378, 403, 425, 426 Chili, 26 Chipman, S. Logan, 312 Chuck, ♦Jerahmel, 190 Church Councils, 4 Cid, Israel Calabi, 45 Cincinnati, O. , 137 ff.

175, 244, 378, 426 Cisneros, Cardinal Ximenes de, 21 Civil War, 218 ff.

Claiburn, Ala.

, 144 Clara, group of colonies, Argentine, 389 Clay, Henry, 200 Clemens, Samuel L. (“Mark Twain”), 398 Clement VII.

, Pope, 29 Clement VIII.

, Pope, 26 Cleveland, President Grover, 308, 325, 354, 362 Cleveland, O. , 141 Cobral, Pedro Alvarez, 17 Cochin, 18 Coen, Abraham, 39 Cohen, family of Richmond in Baltimore, 125 Cohen, six brothers in the Confederate Army, 229 Cohen, three brothers from Arkansas, 230 Cohen, Emanuel, 370 Cohen, Rev. G.

M.

, 141, 142 Cohen, Rev. Henry (quoted), 161 Cohen, Rev. Hirschel, 385 Cohen, Israel, 190, 191 Cohen, Israel I. , 117 Cohen, Jacob, 65 Cohen, Rev. Jacob, 141 Cohen, Jacob, 107 Cohen, Jacob I. , 117 Cohen, Jacob I. , Jr. , 117 Cohen, Jacob J. , 125, 127 Cohen, Rev. Jacob Raphael, 106, 382 Cohen, Leib, 190 Cohen, Lewis, 138 Cohen, Max, 154 Cohen, Moses, 79 Cohen, Rabbi, 75 Cohn, Prof. Adolphe, 401 Cohn, Albert, 401 Cohn, Joseph H. , 369 Cohn, Miss Katherine M. , 398 Cohn, Morris M. , 370 Cohn, Nathan, 370 Colorado, 269, 328, 370 Columbia, 392 Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 15, 16, 57, 391 Columbus, O. , 426 Commons, John R. , 299 Cone, ♦Ceasar, 370 Connecticut, 269, 328, 371, 425 Cook, Commander Simon, 333 Cooper, Israel, 284 Corcos, Rev. J.

M.

, 61 Cordoba, Argentine, 389 Cordova, de, family, 60 Cordova, Emanuel de, 381 Cordova, Jacob de, 161 Cordova, Pedro de, 21 ♦Cordoza, Hakam de, 61 Cordozo, J. M.

, 200 Coro, Venezuela, 392 Coronel, David, Senior, 37 Costa, Abraham da, 79 Costa, Bento da, 45 Costa, David de, 50 Costa, Isaac da, 45, 79 Costa, Joseph da, 63 (note), 65 Costa Rica, 401 Council of Jewish Women, 296 Cousins, Robert G. , 361 Coutinho, ♦Henriques, 51 Coutinho, Isaac ♦Jerajo, 56 Cowen, Philip, 417 Cox, Representative Samuel S. , 309, 312 Cozens, Isaac, 154 Cozens, Sophie, 154 Craig, Sir John, 382 ♦Cresques, Jafuda (Judah), 11 Cromwell, Oliver, 55 Cruz Alta, Brazil, 392 Cuba, 14, 393 ♦Cufo, see Hucefe Curaçao, 40, 51, 52–54 Cutler, Harry, 371 D

Dalidansky, J. L.

, 423 Dallas, Tex.

, 426 Daly, Judge Charles P. (quoted), 63, 69, 256, 413 Damascus Affair, 194–98 Damrosch, Frank H. , 398 Damrosch, Dr. Leopold, 398 Damrosch, Walter J. , 398 Daniels, Aaron, 148 Dark Ages, 1 Davenport, Ia.

, 153 David, Dr. Aaron Hart, 383 David, David, 382, 383 David, Lazarus, 381, 382 Davidson, Israel, 375 Davidson, Joseph, 397 Davidson, Samuel, 142 Davilar, Samuel Uz, 47 Davis, Jefferson, 224 Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, 226 Davitt, Michael, 356 Dawson, Yukon Territory, 386 De Haas, Jacob, 337 Deinard, Ephraim, 302, 408 Delaware, 108, 371, 426 De Leon, David Camden, 162, 230 De Leon, Edwin, 162, 414 Dembitz, Lewis N. , 215 Denver, Col. , 426 Des Moines, Ia.

, 153 Detroit, Mich.

, 154, 252, 426 Deutsch, Prof. Gotthard, 340, 375 De Young, Michael H. , 414 Dias, Lewis, 56 Dinkelspiel, Rev. J.

, 143 District of Columbia, 328, 371, 426 Dittenhoefer, A. J.

, 216 Dobsevage, A. D.

, 305 Dohm, Christian Wilhelm v. , 49 Dolitzki, M. M.

, 305, 408, 421 Dongan, Governor, 67 ♦Dungan, Irvine, 312 Dorf, Samuel, 287, 371 Drachman, Dr. Bernard, 371, 407 (note) Drago, Isaac, 45 Dreyfus Case, 334–5 Dropsie College, 375 Dropsie, Gabriel, 162 Dropsie, Moses A. , 375 Dubs, President of Switzerland, 205 Dubuque, Iowa, 153 Ducachet, Dr. , 198 Duffield, John, 107 Dutch, 30, 32, 33 Dutch Guiana, see Surinam Dutch West India Company, 35, 63 Dutch West Indies, 51 Dyer, Isidor, 160 Dyer, Leon, 160, 163 E

East Jersey Bill of Rights, 109 Easton, Pa.

, 76 Ebron, David, 26 Eckman, Rev. Julius, 157 Edelstadt, David, 418 Edlin, William, 423 Educational Institutions, 248–9, 276 Ehrlich, Arnold B. , 408 Einhorn, Dr. David, 175, 178, 203, 208 Einhorn, Dr. Max, 403 Einstein, Lewis, 401 Einstein, Col. Max, 236 Eisenstadt, Ben Zion, 407 Eisenstein, J. D.

, 189, 192, 406, 408 Elbe, L. , 423 Eliassof, H. (quoted), 152, 282 Elkus, Abr.

I.

, 289 Ellinger, Moritz, 295, 417 Ellman, Mischa, 398 Elmira, N. Y.

, 233 Emanuel, Albert, 159 Emanuel, Rev. Baruch M. , 143 Emanuel, Gov. David, 144 England, 137, 139, 227, 381 Englander, Dr. Henry, 375 Enriques, Jacob Joshua Bueno, 58 En-Riquez, Joshua Mordecai, 52 Entin, J. , 423 Ephraim, Rabbi, 15 Epstein, Elias, 154 Epstein, Mrs. , 422 Erlanger, Abraham L. , 399 Erlanger, M. L.

, 399 Entre Rios, Argentine, 389 _Ersch und Gruber’s_ Encyclopedia, 6 Española, 20 Ethiopia, 3 Ettelson, Baruch, 407 Ettelson, N. B.

, 259, 409 Etting, Reuben, 125 Etting, Solomon, 107, 124, 125, 127 Evansville, Ind.

, 152, 252 Evarts, William M. , 345 Expulsion from Portugal, 5 Expulsion from Spain, 5, 13 Ezekiel, Jacob (quoted), 117, 194 Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, 395 F

Fairbanks, Charles W. , Vice-President, 362 Falk, Joshua, 190, 407 ♦Falmouth, Jamaica, 60 Faquin, Juceff, 11 Faro, Solomon ♦Gabay, 58 Fass, Rev. M.

, 384 Fassbinder, Rev. Wolf, 141 Fay, Theo.

S.

, 202, 203, 204 Federation of American Zionists, 336 Federations, 379 Feigenbaum, Benjamin, 420 Feinman, Sigmund, 421 Felsenthal, Dr. Bernhard, 152, 177–78, 208 Ferdinand of Aragon, 5, 12 Ferrena, Gaspar Diaz, 37 Fiddletown, Cal.

, 156 Field, Dr. Henry M. , 83 (note) Fillmore, President Millard, 199 Financiers, 404 Fine, Solomon, 153 Fischel, Harry, 371 Fishberg, Dr. Maurice, 413 Fishkind, 422 Fishman, Jacob, 423 ♦Fishman, William, 371 Fitzgerald, John F. , 315 Fleischer, S. S.

, 289 Flexner, Dr. Simon, 402 Florence, family, 144 Florida, 370, 425 Fogg, George G. , 204, 205 Folk, Rev. M.

, 154 Folsom, Cal.

, 156 Fonseca, family, 60 Fonseca, Rev. Abraham Lopez de, 53 Fonseca, Alaus de, 45 Fonseca, Fernandez de, 381 Fonseca, Isaac de, 52 Fonseca, Joseph Nunez de, 52 Ford――Committee on ♦Immigration, 324 Foreman, Edwin G. , 370 Fornberg, Dr. , 423 Foster, John W. , 308, 310 Forsyth, John, 196, 197 Fort Wayne, 152 France, 85, 335, 347, 381 Franco, Alexander, 152 Franco, Daniel, 152 Franco, Solomon, 72 Frank, Abraham, 157 Frank, Isaac W. , 370 Franklin, Benjamin, 107 Franklin, Prof. Fabian, 402 Franklin, Dr. Leo M. , 154 Franklin, Louis, 155 Franks, Abr.

, 381, 328 Franks, David, 76, 90, 109 Franks, David S. , 88, 89 Franks, Isaac, 89 Franks, Jacob, 154 Franks, Jacob S. , 382 Fraso, Jacob, 55 Fraternal Organizations, 247–8 ♦Frazon or Frazier, Joseph, 72 Fredric, Harold, 413 Freemasonry, see Masonry “Free Sons of Benjamin,” 247 “Free Sons of Israel,” 242 ♦Freiberg, J. Walter, 370 Freidus, A. S.

, 413 Freiman, Meir, 406 French Revolution, The, 116, 122 Frera, David, 63 (note), 65 Friedberg, Albert M. (quoted), 109, 193, 199, 208, 292, 327 Friedenwald, Dr. Aaron, 337 Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 337, 371 Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, 299 Friedkin, Joseph, 423 Friedlander, Aaron Joel, 154 ♦Friedlaender, Dr. Israel, 371, 375 Friedlander, Moritz, 156 Friedman, Aaron Zebi, 407 Friedman, Isaac K. , 410 Friedman, Israel, 423 Friedman, Joseph, 154 Friedman, Lee N. , 371 Friedman, Col. Max, 237 Frohman, Charles, 399 Frohman, Daniel, 399 Fuld, Rabbi, 142 Funk and Wagnalls, 340 Funk, Rev. Isaac K. , 340 G

Gabai, David, 59 Gabrilowitsch, Joseph, 398 Galveston, Tex.

, 160, 161, 230 Gama, see Vasco da Gama Garcia, Hananiel, 381 Garfil, Mordecai, 406 Gaspar da Gama, 17, 18 Gaston, William, 119 Georgia, 77, 370, 425 Gerechter, Rev. Emanuel, 154 Germanic Kingdoms, 3 German-Jewish Congregations, 251, see also Union of American Hebrew Congregations German Period of Immigration, 135 ff.

, 243 Germany, 347 Gerstle, Lewis, 157 Giers, M. de, 310 Ginsberg, Jacob, 422 Ginzberg, Dr. Lewis, 340, 375 Gittelson, Rabbi Benjamin, 406 Glace Bay, C. B.

(Can.

), 286 Gladstone, William E. , 227 Glazer, Rev. S.

(quoted), 153 Glick, Joseph Selig, 423 Glickman, Ellis, 422 ♦Gliddon, John, 196 Goa, 17, 30 Goldberg, A. , 423 Goldberg, R. L.

, 398 Goldfaden, Abraham, 419, 420, 421 Goldfogle, Henry Mayer 315, 317, 361 Goldman, Dr. Julius, 289 Goldman, Moses, 409 Goldsmid, Sir Francis H. , 60 Goldsmith, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230 Goldsmith, Emily Gerson, 410 Goldsmith, I. , 143 Goldstein, Rev. S.

, 384 Goldstucker, A. , 143 Gomez, family, 60 Gomez, Louis Moses, 68 Gonikman, J. , 423 Gootman, A. H.

, 202 Gordin, Jacob, 419, 421 Gorin, Bernhard, 419, 421 Gottheil, Dr. Gustave, 177, 292, 295 Gottheil, Prof. Richard (note), 42, 292, 336, 340 Gotthelf, B. H.

, 143 Gottlieb, Abraham, 403 Gottlieb, J. , 150 Grace, William R. , 262 Gradis, Abraham, 381 Gradis, David, 381 Graf, actor, 422 Grant, Pres. U.

S.

, 234, 262, 344 Grass Valley, 156 Gratz, Bernard, 76, 106, 124 Gratz, Michael, 76 Gratz, Rebeccah, 107 Gratz, Simon, 117 Great Britain, 347, 351 Greece, 3 Green, Abraham, 148 Green, S. Hart, 386 Green Bay, Wis.

, 154 Greenebaum, Henry, 152 Greenebaum, N. E.

, 370 Greensfelder, Isaac, 152 Greenstein, Elijah, 190 Greenstone, Julius H. , 413 Greer, Bishop David, 362 Gries, Dr. Moses J. , 141 Gross, Prof. Charles, 11, 401 Grossman, Dr. Louis, 155, 375 Grotius, Hugo, 37 Guam, 333 Guggenheim, Daniel, 355 Guggenheim, Murry, 289 Guggenheims, 404 Guild, Curtis, Jr. , 362 Guinea, 11 Gutheim, Rabbi James K. , 140 Gutterect, family, 60 H

♦Hackenburg, Wm.

B.

, 289, 295, 370 Hadrian, Pope, 21 Hahn, Dr. Aaron, 141 Haiti, 20 Halifax, N. S.

; 286 Halphen, Samuel, 389 Hamburg, 30 Hamburger, Samuel B. , 371 Hamilton, Ont.

, 386 Hammerstein, Oscar, 399 Hapgood, Hutchins, 413 Harby, Levi Myers, 160, 230 Harkavy, Alexander, 419–20 Harris, Asher ♦Lemil, 192 Harris, Bernhard, 287 Harris, Haym, 148 Harris, Henry, 140 Harris, Hyman, 190 Harris, Rev. Maurice H. , 371 Harrison, President Benjamin, 308, 324, 365 Hart, Aaron, 380, 381 Hart, Aaron Philip, 383 Hart, Abraham, 237 Hart, Benj.

I.

, 295 Hart, Ephraim, 105 Hart, Ezekiel, 382 Hart, John, 191 Hart, Myer and his family, 76, 77 Hart or Harte, Zachariah, 111 Harte, Bret, 410 Hartford, Conn.

, 75, 426 Hartogensis, B. H.

, 287 Havana, Cuba, 393 Hawaii, 424 Hay, John, 316, 343, 346, 347, 351 Hayman or Hyman of Louisville, 143 Hays, Andrew, 381 Hays, Benjamin, 124 Hays, Daniel P. , 287 Hays, David, 109 Hays, Jacob, 124 Hays, Moses Michael, 147 Hays, Solomon, 107 Hearst, Wm.

R.

, 355, 356 Hebrew Institutes, 378 Hebrew Union College, 244 Heilprin, Prof. Angelo, 211 Heilprin, Louis, 211 Heilprin, Michael, 208–12, 266, 269 Heilprin, Pinhas Mendel, 208 Heiman, Marcus, 154 Hein, Alex.

, 154 Heller, Dr. Maximilian, 252, 353 Hendricks, Benjamin, ♦70 Hendricks, Isaac, 144 Henrique, Jacob Cohen, 63 (note) Henriques, Abraham, 48 Henriques, David Gomez, 58 Henriques, Jacob, 59 Henry, the Navigator, 11 Henry, H. A.

, 141 Henry, Jacob, 119, 126 Henry, Jacob, 158 Henry, Patrick, 113, 114 Herat, Afghanistan, 392 Hermalin, D. M.

, 420, 421 Herrera, Abraham Cohen, 39 Herschell, Rabbi Solomon of London, 180 Hershman, Rev. A.

M.

, 155 Hertz, Dr. Joseph, 159 Hertzman, Rev. E.

, 142 Herzl, Dr. Sigmund, 198 Herzl, Dr. Theodore, 336 Heydenfeldt, ♦Elkan, 156 Heydenfeldt, Solomon, 156, 208 ♦Heister, Gen. ,95 Higgins, Gov. Francis W. of N. Y.

, 362 Hilfman, Rabbi P. A.

(quoted in note), 42 Hillquit, Morris, 299, 410 Hirsch, Adam, 154 Hirsch, Baroness Clara de, 390 Hirsch (Colony), Canada, 386 Hirsch, Edward, 216 Hirsch, Dr. Emil G. , 178, 340, 369, 417 Hirsch, Maier, 215 Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 289, 290, 385, 390 Hirsch, Dr. Samuel, 178 Hirsch, Solomon, 215 Hirshowitz, Rabbi Abraham Eber, 406 Hoboken, N. J.

, 253 Hoffman, Dr. B.

, 423 Hoffman, Isaac, 141 Hoffman, James H. , 289 Hofnung, Abraham, 384 Hofnung, Rev. Samuel, 384 Holland, see Dutch Hollander, Dr. J.

H.

(quoted), 45, 124, 292, 371, 400 Holy Office, see Inquisition Holzman, Elijah, 256, 407 Homel, 357 Horwich, B. , 370 Horwitz, Moses, 421 Hoschander, Jacob, 376 Hourwich, Isaac A. , 298, 410 Houston, Sam, 161 Houston, Tex.

, 161 Hübsch, Rev. Adolph, 183 Hucefe, 18 Hühner, Leon (quoted), 63, 68, 119, 144, 292 Hyman, Samuel I. , 371 Hyneman, Herman Naphtali, 397 I

Idaho, 370, 425 ♦Iliowizi, Rabbi Henry, 410 ♦Illan, Jaude, 52 Illinois, 216, 230, 328, 370, 425 Illowy, Rev. Bernhard, 107, 142 Imber, Naftali Herz, 305, 408 Immigration, 135–37, 242–3, 254, 261, 288, 306, 319 ff.

, 338, 343, 358, 385 Immigration Commission of 1907, 326 Independent Order Brith Abraham, 247 Indiana, 152, 236, 328, 370 Indianapolis, Ind.

, 152, 252, 426 Indians, supposed to be the lost Tribes of Israel, 14;

persecuted by the Inquisition, 21 Inquisition, 12, 20, 22, 24 Iowa, 153, 328, 370, 425 Iquitos, Peru, 393 Isaac, Abraham, 110, 111 Isaac, David, 117 Isaac, Isaiah, 117 Isaac, Adjutant-General Moses, 237 Isaacs, Col. , 90 Isaacs, Abraham, 111 Isaacs, Prof. Abram S. , 179 Isaacs, Alexander, 148 Isaacs, M. S.

, 289, 345 Isaacs, Samuel, 158 Isaacs, Samuel Hillel, 190 Isaacs, Rev. Samuel Mayer, 179 Isaacson, Rabbi I. , 409 Isaaks, Noah, 48 Isabella, Queen, 5, 12, 20, 28 Ismail, riot of, 344 Israel, David, 63 Israel, Isaac, 93 Italy, 3, 347 Itamarica, Brazil, 38 J

Jackson, Andrew, 131 Jackson, Cal.

, 155 Jackson, John B. , 351 Jackson, Rebeccah, wife of M. M.

Noah, 134 Jacob, Moses, 117 Jacobi, Dr. Abraham, 402 Jacobs, Benjamin, 95 Jacobs, Charles M. , 403 Jacobs, Rev. George, 61 Jacobs, Gerrit, 47 Jacobs, Hart, 93 Jacobs, Rev. Henry S. , 184 Jacobs, Dr. Joseph, 194, 262 (quoted), 340, 375 Jacobs, Morris, 148 Jacobs, Samuel, 153 Jacobs, Samuel, 381 Jacobson, Dr. Nathan, 403 ♦Jaffe, Rabbi Shalom Elhanan, 282, 406 Jaime, King of Mallorca, 11 Jalomstein, Mordecai, 256, 259 Jamaica, W. I.

, 45, 57–61 Janowski, S. , 423 Jarmulowsky, S. (d. 1912), 371 Jastrow, Prof. Joseph, 186 Jastrow, Dr. Marcus, 185–86, 295, 340 Jastrow, Prof. Morris, 186, 340 Jefferson, Thomas, 113, 115, 125, 241 Jersey City, 253, 426 Jeshurun, 51 Jesu Maria, Cal.

, 156 “Jew Bill” of Maryland, 125 ff.

Jewish Alliance of America, 287 Jewish Chautauqua Society, 295 “Jewish Chronicle” (quoted), 391 Jewish Colonization Association (I. C. A.

), 290, 388, 389 “Jewish Encyclopedia,” 339 Jewish Publication Society of America, 292 Jewish Theological Seminary, 183 Joachimsen, Philip J. , 235 João, King of Portugal, 16 ♦Joffe, Joshua A. , 375 John III.

, King of Portugal, 29 Johnson, President Andrew, 235 Johnson, David Israel, 138, 140 Johnson, Edward J. , 159 Jonas, Abraham, 138 Jonas, Abraham, 216–17 Jonas, Benj.

F.

, 217 Jonas, Charles H. , 216 Jonas, Edward, 138 Jonas, George, 138 Jonas, Joseph, 137, 139, 140 Jonas, Lyon, 105 Jonas, Moses, 139 Jonas, Samuel, 138 Jones, Israel I. , 143 Jones, Solomon, 143 “Jooden Savane” (Savannah of the Jews), 46 Joseph, Gershom, 384 Joseph, H. , 155 Joseph, Chief Rabbi Jacob, 278 Joseph, Jacob, 384 Joseph, Jacob Henry, 383 Joseph, Jesse, 383 Joseph, Samuel, 139 Josephson, Manuel, 103, 107 Jost, historian (quoted), 194 Juan I. of Aragon, 11 Juana, Queen of Castille, 21 Judah, Hart, 140 Judah, Uriah, 381 K

Kadison, Dr. A.

P.

, 287 Kaiser, Rev. Alois, 413 Kalich, Bertha, 421 Kalisch, Rev. Isidor, 141, 154, 155, 183 Kalisch, Judge Samuel, 183 Kalm, Peter, 70 Kamaiky, Leon, 371 Kansas, 269, 322, 328, 370, 425 Kansas City, Mo.

, 253, 426 Kaplan, E. , 423 Kaplan, Prof. M. M.

, 375 Kaplan, N. , 423 Kaspe, Dr. Abraham, 420 Kasson, Minister John A. , 345 Katz, Abr.

J.

, 371 Kaufman, David S. , 159 Kaufman, Sigismund, 212 Kayserling, Dr. M.

, 11, 20, 37, 85, 401 “Kehillah” of New York, 370, 372 Kelly, Myra, 413 Kempner, Isaac H. , 370 Kennedy, Rev. Mr. , 198 Kennedy, Thomas, 125 Kentucky, 216, 328, 370, 425 Keokuk, Ia.

, 153 “Kesher Shel Barzel,” 247 Keyser, Ephraim, 395 Kiev, Russia, 262 Kingston, Jamaica, 60–61 Kishinev, 353 ff.

, 358 Kleeberg, Rev. L.

, 143 Klein, Charles, 399 Klein, Mayer, 151 Klein, Dr. Philip, 283, 371 Knefler, family, 152 Knefler, Gen. Frederick, 233 “Knights of Zion,” 337 “Know Nothing” Party, 223, 320, 321–2 Kobrin, Leon, 419, 421 Kohen, Rabbi Baruch, 407 Kohler, Dr. Kaufman, 155, 340, 375 Kohler, Max J. , 114 (note), ♦207 (note), 243, 289, 292, 380, 413 Kohn, Abraham, 150, 151, 217 Kohn, Arnold, 355 Kohn, Julius, 150 Kohn, Moses, 150 Kohut, Dr. Alexander, 186 Kohut, George A. , 72, 189, 406, 413 Konti, Isidor, 395 Kornblith, Z. , 423 Kossuth, Louis, 189, 211 Krantz, Philip, 420 Kraus, Adolph, 247 Krauskopf, Rabbi Joseph (note), 244 Krouse, Robert, 153 Krouse, William, 153 Kruttschnitt, Julius, 222 Kunreuther, Rev. Ignatz, 151 Kursheedt, J. B.

, 195 Kutner, Adolph, 315 L

Labatt, A. C.

, 156, 158 Labor Movement Among Immigrants, 297 ff.

Lacovia, Jamaica, 60 Lafayette, Ind.

, 152 Lagarto, Rabbi Jacob, 38 Laguna, Daniel Israel Lopez, 61 Lamport, Nathan, 371 Lancaster, Pa.

, 76 Landauer, Max, 370 Landis, C. K.

, 25 Landsberg, Rabbi Max, 253 Langdon, Rev. Samuel, 82 Las, Rabbi Zebi, 407 Lasker, Alexander, 154 ♦Lasky, David, 190 Lateiner, Joseph, 420–1 Lateran, Council of, 4 Lawrence, Amos, 147 Lazard, brothers, 156 Lazarus, Aaron, 111 Lazarus, Emma, 73, 265–6, 409 Lazarus, Michael, 79 Lecky, the Historian, 81 Lee, Gen. R.

E.

, 226 Leeser, Rabbi Isaac, 171–72, 198, 203, 204, 292 Leghorn, Italy, 43 Lehman, David S. , 370 Lehman, Emanuel, 355 Leibowitz, M. , 392 Leipziger, Henry M. , 287 Leon, de, 51 Leon, Jacob de, 93 Leopold, L. M.

, 151 Lerma, Bernardino de, 15 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (quoted), 255 Lesser, Rabbi Abr.

J.

G.

, 282, 406 Lessing, Bruno, see Block, Rudolph Leventrite, Aaron, 141 Levi, Alexander, 153 Levi, Barnard, 77 Levi, Barnet, 138 Levi, Leo N. , 247 Levi, William, 110 Levie, Solomon Joseph, 47 Levin, Elias, 48 Levin, Louis II.

, 417 Levinsohn, Jehiel Judah, 407 Levinthal, Rabbi B. L.

, 282, 370 Levis, family, 380 Levy, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230 Levy, Aaron, 95 (note) Levy, Aaron, 117 Levy, Abraham, 190 Levy, Abraham, 222 Levy, Asser, 63 (note), 66, 67, 100 Levy, Benjamin, 76, 95 Levy, Daniel, 108 Levy, Ferdinand, 287 Levy, Hayman, 70, 95, 105 Levy, Hyman, Jr. , 76 Levy, Isaac, 144 Levy, Jacob, 190 Levy, Congressman Jefferson M. , 241 Levy, Jonas P. , 218 Levy, Joseph, 110 Levy, Joseph, 138 Levy, Lionel, 233 Levy, Louis Edward, 88 (note), 287 Levy, Louis N. , 241 Levy, Moses, 108 Levy, Moses Albert, 160 Levy, Myers, 109 Levy, Nathan, 76 Levy, Nathan, 109 Levy, Nathaniel, 93 Levy, Sampson, 76, 108 Levy, Samuel, 144 Levy, Samuel, 157 Levy, Simon, 381 Levy, Commodore Uriah Philips, 238–41 Levy, Zeporah, 70 Lewenstein, Rabbi M. J.

, of Surinam, 49 Lewi, Isidor, 417 Lewisohn, Adolph, 371 (see also 404) Libin, Z. , 419, 421 Libowitz, N. S.

, 407 Lichtenstein, Benjamin, 189, 190 Lieberman, D. M.

, 369 Liesin, A. , 423 Lilienthal, Dr. Max, 141, 172–75, 194 Lima, Peru, 22, 26, 393 Lincoln, Abraham, 205, 212, 215, 216, 217, 322 Lindo, Moses, 79 Lipman, Rev. Jacob, 107 Lipzin, Mrs. K.

, 421 Lisbon, 18, 74 Literature, 405 ff.

, 418 Lobel, Mme.

, 422 Locke, John, 78 Loeb, Jacques (deceased), 370 Loeb, Prof. Jacques, 401 Loeb, Louis, 398 Loeb, Solomon, 398 London, Ont.

, 386 Long, Jacob, 154 Longfellow, H. W.

, 73 Lopez, Aaron, 73, 98, 99 Lopez, Moses, 101 Loris-Melikov, Russian Minister, 311 Los Angeles, Cal.

, 155, 426 Louis, Nathan, 153 Louisiana, 147, 370, 425 Louisville, Ky.

, 143, 252, 283, 426 Louzada, David Baruch, 56 Low, Seth, Mayor of New York, 354 Lucena, Abraham d’, 63, 65, 66, 68 Lumbrozo, Jacob, 77 Luna, Gonzolo de, 26 Luther, Martin, 23 Lutherans, persecuted by the Inquisition, 23 Lynch, Sir Thomas, Governor of Jamaica, 57 Lyon, Abraham de, 78 Lyon, Solomon, 107 Lyons, Henry A. , 156 Lyons, Dr. Isaac, 160 Lyons, Jacob, 158 Lyons, Rev. Jacques Judah, 180 Lyons, S. , 143 Lyons, Samuel, 95 M

Macedonia, 3 Machado, M. , 46 Machol, Rabbi M. , 142 Mack, Julian W. , 369, 370, 371 MacMahon, John V. L.

, 125 Madison, Ind.

, 177 Madison, James, 96, 113, 114 Magidoff, Jacob, 423 Magnes, Dr. J.

L.

, 337, 369, 371 Magnetowan, Canada, 386 Magnus, Lady, 392 Maimonides College, 183, 249 Maine, 328, 371, 425 “Maine” (Battleship), 334 Malaga, 12 Malitz, Ch. , 423 Mallorca, King Jaime of, 11 Malter, Prof. Henry, 376 Manasseh ♦ben Israel, 14, 37 Manitoba, 386 Mankato, Minn.

, 153 Mann, A. Dudley, 199, 202 Mannes, David, 398 Mansfield, M. , 157 ♦Manso, Bishop Alphonso, 21 Manuel, Dom, King of Portugal, 16, 28 Marache, Solomon, 76 Marchena, 51 Marco, Surgeon, 14 Marcus, Rev. Samuel, 155 Marcus, S. L.

, 259, 409 Marcy, William L. , 202 Margolioth, Rabbi Gabriel Z. , 281 Margolis, Prof. Max L. , 375 ♦Margolies, Rabbi M. Z.

, 282, 371 Marix, Rear-Admiral Adolph, 333–4 Markens, Isaac (quoted), 138, 142, 215, 235, 413 Marks, Bernhard, 287 Marks, Isaac, 153 Marks, Joseph, 76 Marks, Rudolph, 421 Markstein, D. , 143 Marranos, 8, 12, 19, 26, 29, 30, 41 Marshall, Louis, 317, 369, 371 Martinique, 123, 381 Marx, Prof. Alex.

, 375 Marx, Samuel, 156 Maryland, 77, 124 ff.

, 371, 425, 426 Marysville, Cal.

, 156 Masliansky, Hirsch, 420 Mason, James Murray, 225 Masonry, 73, 94, 110, 128, 132, 216 Mass, Samuel, 159 Massachusetts, 328, 371, 425 Massacres of 1391, 7. See also “Pogroms” Maurera, Jacob de, 381 Maurice of Nassau, 37 Mauricio Colony, Argentine, 390 Mayer, Annie Nathan, 410 Mayer, Constant, 397 Mayer, Henry (“Hy”), 398 Mayer, Rev. Jacob, 141 Mayer, Jacob, 157 Mayer, Leopold, 152, 157 Mayer, Levy, 403 Mayer, Nathan, 191 Mayer, Gen. William, 235 Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, 81 McClellan, Mayor Geo.

B.

, of N. Y.

, 362 McGregor, Ia.

, 153 McKinley, President William, 332, 334, 400 McLaurin, Senator Anselm J. , 361 Media, 3 Mehatob, Isaac and Judith, 42 Meisels, Rabbi Berush, 185 Memphis, Tenn.

, 426 Mendes, Rev. Abraham P. , 101 Mendes, Rabbi Frederick de Sola, 340 Mendes, Dr. H.

P.

, 371 Menken, Solomon, 138 Mera, Isaac, 45 Mercado, Abraham de, 37, 55 Mercado, Raphael de, 55, 56 Meridian, Miss. , 252 Merzbacher, Rabbi L. , 177 Mesa, Isaac, 63 (note) Mesquita, Abraham de, 48 Messing, Rev. Henry.

J.

Messing, 142 ♦Mesia, Daniel, 45 Mexican War, 161–63 Mexico, 24 ff.

, 158, 393 Meyer, Gen. Adolph, 230 Meza, de, 51 Michael, Elias, 370 Michalovsky, Israel, 284 Michelson, Prof. Albert A. , 399–400 Michelson, Charles, 400 Michelson, Miriam, 400 Michigan, 154, 236, 269, 328, 370, 425 Middle Ages, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 Middleman, Judah, 189, 190, 191 Mielziner, Prof. Moses, 295 Miller, Alexander, 385 Miller, Louis, 422 Milwaukee, Wis.

, 154, 426 Minikes, Ch. J.

, 423 Minis, Isaac, 78 Minkovsky, Pinhas, 284 Minneapolis, Minn.

, 426 Minnesota, 153, 328, 370 Mirabeau, Count, 116 Miranda, 381 Miranda, Isaac, 76 Misch, Marion L. , 119 (note), 296 Mississippi, 370, 425 Missouri, 269, 328, 370, 425 Mobile, Ala.

, 143 Mogulesco, Sigmund, 421 Moise, Isaac and Jacob, 144 Moiseville, Colony, Argentine, 390 Monis, Judah, 72 Monroe, James, 130 Monroe, La.

, 252 Montana, 328, 370, 425 Montefiore, Mr. (probably Joshua), 60 Montefiore, Sir Moses, 145 Montel, Solomon, 48 ♦Montevido, Uruguay, 392 Montgomery, Ala.

, 143 Montgomery, General, 382 ♦Montego Bay, Jamaica, 60 Montreal, Que.

, Canada.

381, 386 Moors, 5 Mora, Don Francisco de, 37 Morais, Henry S. , 108 (quoted), 172, 183, 288, 413 Morais, Sabato, 180–83, 189, 208 Morales, Dr. C. M.

, 61 Mordecai, Abraham, 143 Mordecai, Major Alfred, 111 Mordecai, Gratz, 111 (note) Mordecai, Gen. J.

Randolph, 230 Mordecai, Jacob, 111 Mordecai, Moses, 76, 111, 117 Morgenstern, Dr. Julian, 375 Morocco, 365 Morris, Minister to Turkey, 344 Morris, Edward, 404 Morris, Robert, 89, 95, 129 Morrison, 295 Morrison, Isidor D. , 337 Morrison, Moritz, 422 Morton, Martha, 410 Moses, brothers of Alabama, 230 Moses, family of New Hampshire, 109 Moses, Abraham, 73 Moses, Major George W. , 332 Moses, Isaac, 95 Moses, Lieut-Col. Israel, 163 Moses, Capt. Mayer, 123 Moses, Col. Nathan, 123 Moses, Pinhas, and his five brothers, 138, 140 Moses, Raphael and his sons, 229 Moses, Col. Raphael J. , 230 Moskovich, actor, 422 Mosler, Henry, 397 Moss, Mary, 409 Motta, Jacob de la, 93 Motthe, Jacques de la, 62 Mucate, Jacob, 37 Muhr, Simon, 287 Myers, Asher, 106 Myers, Capt. Isaac, 88 Myers, Levy, 117 Myers, Capt. Mordecai, 123 N

Naär, Capt. , 47 Nacogdoches, Tex.

, 159 Napoleon III.

, 201, 225 Nassi, David, 43, 45, 46, 47 Nassi, Isaac, 48 Nassi, J. C.

, 49 Nassi, Joshua, 47 Nassi, Samuel, 45, 46 Natchez, Miss. , 252 Nathan, Rabbi, 142 Nathan, of British Columbia, 383 Nathan, Joseph, 77 Nathan, Moses, 138 Nathan, Simon, 106 Nebraska, 322, 328, 370, 425 Neo-Christians, 29 Neto, Rabbi Isaac, 45 ♦Neumann, Dr. S.

, 371 Neumark, Prof. David, 375 Nevada, 370, 425 Nevada City, Cal.

, 155 New Amsterdam, 40, 52, 62 ff.

Newark, N. J.

, 183, 253, 426 Newbauer, Leopold, 154 ♦Newburg, P. , 150, 151 Newberger, Louis, 370 ♦Newburger, Morris, 292 New Hampshire, 109, 110, 371, 425 New Haven, Conn.

, 75, 426 New Jersey, 109, 269, 328, 370, 425 Newman, Isidor, 369 Newman, Lieut.

Col. Leopold C. , 237 New Mexico, 370, 425 New Orleans, La.

, 140, 144–48, 252, 354, 426 Newport, R. I.

, 72, 98 ff.

New York, 40, 62 ff.

, 102, 104, 118, 164, 179, 236, 255–6, 262, 271, 272, 274, 277, 282, 299, 301, 307, 329, 332, 354, 361, 362, 366, 371, 378, 425 Nicea, Council of, 4 Nicholas I. , Emperor of Russia, 254 Nieuhoff (quoted), 38 Ninette, daughter of Judah P. Benjamin, 228 Noah, Joel, 155 Noah, Manuel Mordecai, 93, 94, 128 Noah, Mordecai Manuel, 128–34, 414 Nones, Benjamin, 93 North Africa, 7 North Carolina, 86, 110 ff.

, 117 ff.

, 370, 425 North Dakota, 269, 328, 370, 425 Nuevos Christianos, 20 Nuñez family, 60 Nunez, Jacob, 45 Nunez, Samuel, 77, 78 O

Oberman, Judah, 192 Ochs, Adolph, 414 Ochs, George W. , 414 Ochs, Milton B. , 414 Offenbach, 159 Oglethorpe, General James Edward, 77 Ogus, A. D.

, 420 Ohio, 236, 328, 370, 425 Oklahoma, 328, 425 Oliveira, 51 Olivera, David de, 79 Ollendorf, M. A.

, 384 Olney, Richard, 314, 316 Omaha, Neb.

, 253, 426 Oporto, 34 Oppenheim, James, 410 Oppenheim, S. , 73 (note), 108 (note), 123 Opper, Frederick B. , 398 Orange-Nassau, Prince William Charles of, 54 Order Brith Abraham, 247 Oregon, 157, 215, 269, 370, 425 Ottawa, Ont.

, 386 Ottolenghi, Joseph, 78 Owensboro, Ky.

, 252 Ox Bow, Canada, 386 P

Packeckoe, Moses, 73 Paducah, Ky.

, 252 Paley, John, 423 Panama, 392 Papineau’s Rebellion, 383 Para, Brazil, 391 ♦Parahiba, Brazil, 38 Paramaribo, Surinam, 42, 45, 48 Pardo, Rabbi David, 45 Pardo, Isaac R. de, 45 Pardo, Rabbi Joshua, 53, 61 Parona, Argentine, 389 ♦Parra, La, 51 Passport Question, 306 ff.

, 329 Paterson, N. J.

, 426 Pedro, Emperor Dom, of Brazil, 391 Peirce, H. H.