Freedom's Battle — Non-Co-Operation, Part 3

BOYCOTT OF THE COUNCILS

Among the details of non-co-operation I have placed in the foremost rank the boycott of the councils.

Friends have quarrelled with me for the use of the word boycott, because I have disapproved--as I disapprove even now--boycott of British goods or any goods for that matter.

But there, boycott has its own meaning and here boycott has its own meaning.

I not only do not disapprove but approve of the boycott of the councils that are going to be formed next year.

And why do I do it?

The people--the masses,--require from us, the leaders, a clear lead.

They do not want any equivocation from us.

The suggestion that we should seek election and then refuse to take the oath of allegiance, would only make the nation distrust the leaders.

It is not a clear lead to the nation.

So I say to you, my countrymen, not to fall into this trap.

We shall sell our country by adopting the method of seeking election and then not taking the oath of allegiance.

We may find it difficult, and I frankly confess to you that I have not that trust in so many Indians making that declaration and standing by it.

To-day I suggest to those who honestly hold the view--_viz_.

that we should seek election and then refuse to take the oath of allegiance--I suggest to them that they will fall into a trap which they are preparing for themselves and for the nation.

That is my view.

I hold that if we want to give the nation the clearest possible lead, and if we want not to play with this great nation we must make it clear to this nation that we cannot take any favours, no matter how great they may be so long as those favours are accompanied by an injustice a double wrong, done to India not yet redressed.

The first indispensable thing before we can receive any favours from them is that they should redress this double wrong.

There is a Greek proverb which used to say "Beware of the Greek but especially beware of them when they bring gifts to you."

To-day from those ministers who are bent upon perpetuating the wrong to Islam and to the Punjab, I say we cannot accept gifts but we should be doubly careful lest we may not fall into the trap that they may have devised.

I therefore suggest that we must not coquet with the council and must not have anything whatsoever to do with them.

I am told that if we, who represent the national sentiment do not seek election, the Moderates who do not represent that sentiment will.

I do not agree.

I do not know what the Moderates represent and I do not know what the Nationalists represent.

I know that there are good sheep and black sheep amongst the Moderates.

I know that there are good sheep and black sheep amongst the Nationalists.

I know that many Moderates hold honestly the view that it is a sin to resort to non-co-operation.

I respectfully agree to differ from them.

I do say to them also that they will fall into a trap which they will have devised if they seek election.

But that does not affect my situation.

If I feel in my heart of hearts that I ought not to go to the councils I ought at least to abide by this decision and it does not matter if ninety-nine other countrymen seek election.

That is the only way in which public work can be done, and public opinion can be built.

That is the only way in which reforms can be achieved and religion can be conserved.

If it is a question of religious honour, whether I am one or among many I must stand upon my doctrine.

Even if I should die in the attempt, it is worth dying for, than that I should live and deny my own doctrine.

I suggest that it will be wrong on the part of any one to seek election to these Councils.

If once we feel that we cannot co-operate with this Government, we have to commence from the top.

We are the natural leaders of the people and we have acquired the right and the power to go to the nation and speak to it with the voice of non-co-operation.

I therefore do suggest that it is inconsistent with non-co-operation to seek election to the Councils on any terms whatsoever.

LAWYERS AND NON-CO-OPERATION

I have suggested another difficult matter, _viz.

_, that the lawyers should suspend their practice.

How should I do otherwise knowing so well how the Government had always been able to retain this power through the instrumentality of lawyers.

It is perfectly true that it is the lawyers of to-day who are leading us, who are fighting the country's battles, but when it comes to a matter of action against the Government, when it comes to a matter of paralysing the activity of the Government I know that the Government always look to the lawyers, however fine fighters they may have been to preserve their dignity and their self-respect.

I

therefore suggest to my lawyer friends that it is their duty to suspend their practice and to show to the Government that they will no longer retain their offices, because lawyers are considered to be honorary officers of the courts and therefore subject to their disciplinary jurisdiction.

They must no longer retain these honorary offices if they want to withdraw on operation from Government.

But what will happen to law and order?

We shall evolve law and order through the instrumentality of these very lawyers.

We shall promote arbitration courts and dispense justice, pure, simple home-made justice, swadeshi justice to our countrymen.

That is what suspension of practice means.

PARENTS AND NON-CO-OPERATION

I have suggested yet another difficulty--to withdraw our children from the Government schools and to ask collegiate students to withdraw from the College and to empty Government aided schools.

How could I do otherwise?

I want to gauge the national sentiment.

I want to know whether the Mahomodans feel deeply.

If they feel deeply they will understand in the twinkling of an eye, that it is not right for them to receive schooling from a Government in which they have lost all faith;

and which they do not trust at all.

How can I, if I do not want to help this Government, receive any help from that Government.

I think that the schools and colleges are factories for making clerks and Government servants.

I would not help this great factory for manufacturing clerks and servants if I want to withdraw co-operation from that Government.

Look at it from any point of view you like.

It is not possible for you to send your children to the schools and still believe in the doctrine of non-co-operation.

THE DUTY OF TITLE HOLDERS

I have gone further.

I have suggested that our title holders should give up their titles.

How can they hold on to the titles and honour bestowed by the Government?

They were at one time badges of honours when we believed that national honour was safe in their hands.

But now they are no longer badges of honour but badges of dishonour and disgrace when we really believe that we cannot get justice from this Government.

Every title holder holds his titles and honours as trustee for the nation and in this first step in the withdrawal of co-operation from the Government they should surrender their titles without a moment's consideration.

I

suggest to my Mahomedan countrymen that if they fail in this primary duty they will certainly fail in non-co-operation unless the masses themselves reject the classes and take up non-co-operation in their own hands and are able to fight that battle even as the men of the French Revolution were able to take the reins of Government in their own hands leaving aside the leaders and marched to the banner of victory.

I want no revolution.

I want ordered progress.

I want no disordered order.

I

want no chaos.

I want real order to be evolved out of this chaos which is misrepresented to me as order.

If it is order established by a tyrant in order to get hold of the tyrannical reins of Government I say that it is no order for me but it is disorder.

I want to evolve justice out of this injustice.

Therefore, I suggest to you the passive non-co-operation.

If we would only realise the secret of this peaceful and infallible doctrine you will know and you will find that you will not want to use even an angry word when they lift the sword at you and you will not want even to lift your little finger, let alone a stick or a sword.

NON-CO-OPERATION--SERVICE TO THE EMPIRE

You may consider that I have spoken these words in anger because I have considered the ways of this Government immoral, unjust, debasing and untruthful.

I use these adjectives with the greatest deliberation.

I

have used them for my own true brother with whom I was engaged in battle of non-co-operation for full 13 years and although the ashes cover the remains of my brother I tell you that I used to tell him that he was unjust when his plans were based upon immoral foundation.

I used to tell him that he did not stand for truth.

There was no anger in me, I told him this home truth because I loved him.

In the same manner, I tell the British people that I love them, and that I want their association but I want that association on conditions well defined.

I want my self-respect and I want my absolute equality with them.

If I cannot gain that equality from the British people, I do not want that British connection.

If I have to let the British people go and import temporary disorder and dislocation of national business, I will favour that disorder and dislocation than that I should have injustice from the hands of a great nation such as the British nation.

You will find that by the time the whole chapter is closed that the successors of Mr. Montagu will give me the credit for having rendered the most distinguished service that I have yet rendered to the Empire, in having offered this non-co-operation and in having suggest the boycott, not of His Royal Highness the principle of Wales, but of boycott of a visit engineered by Government in order to tighten its hold on the national neck.

I will not allow it even if I stand alone, if I cannot persuade this nation not to welcome that visit but will boycott that visit with all the power at my command.

It is for that reason I stand before you and implore you to offer this religious battle, but it is not a battle offered to you by a visionary or a saint.

I deny being a visionary.

I do not accept the claim of saintliness.

I am of the earth, earthy, a common gardener man as much as any one of you, probably much more than you are.

I am prone to as many weaknesses as you are.

But I have seen the world.

I have lived in the world with my eyes open.

I have gone through the most fiery ordeals that have fallen to the lot of man.

I have gone through this discipline.

I

have understood the secret of my own sacred Hinduism.

I have learnt the lesson that non-co-operation is the duty not merely of the saint but it is the duty of every ordinary citizen, who not know much, not caring to know much but wants to perform his ordinary household functions.

The people of Europe touch even their masses, the poor people the doctrine of the sword.

But the Rishis of India, those who have held the tradition of India have preached to the masses of India this doctrine, not of the sword, not of violence but of suffering, of self-suffering.

And unless you and I am prepared to go through this primary lesson we are not ready even to offer the sword and that is the lesson my brother Shaukal Ali has imbibed to teach and that is why he to-day accepts my advice tendered to him in all prayerfulness and in all humility and says 'long live non-co-operation.'

Please remember that even in England the little children were withdrawn from the schools; and colleges in Cambridge and Oxford were closed.

Lawyers had left their desks and were fighting in the trenches.

I do not present to you the trenches but I do ask you to go through the sacrifice that the men, women and the brave lads of England went through.

Remember that you are offering battle to a nation which is saturated with their spirit of sacrifice whenever the occasion arises.

Remember that the little band of Boers offered stubborn resistance to a mighty nation.

But their lawyers had left their desks.

Their mothers had withdrawn their children from the schools and colleges and the children had become the volunteers of the nation, I have seen them with these naked eyes of mine.

I am asking my countrymen in India to follow no other gospel than the gospel of self-sacrifice which precedes every battle.

Whether you belong to the school of violence or non-violence you will still have to go through the fire of sacrifice, and of discipline.

May God grant you, may God grant our leaders the wisdom, the courage and the true knowledge to lead the nation to its cherished goal.

May God grant the people of India the right path, the true vision and the ability and the courage to follow this path, difficult and yet easy, of sacrifice.

SPEECH AT TRICHINOPOLY

Mahatma Gandhi made the following speech at Trichinopoly on the 18th August 1920:-- I think you on behalf of my brother Shaukat Ali and myself for the magnificent reception that the citizens of Trichinopoly have given to us.

I thank you also for the many addresses that you have been good enough to present to us, but I must come to business.

It is a great pleasure to me to renew your acquaintance for reasons that I need not give you.

I expect great things from Trichinopoly, Madura and a few places I could name.

I take it that you have read my address on the Madras Beach on non-co-operation.

Without taking up your time in this great assembly, I wish to deal with one or two matters that arise out of Mr. S.

Kasturiranga Iyongar's speech.

He says in effect that I should have waited for the Congress mandate on Non-co-operation.

That was impossible, because the Mussulmans had and still have a duty, irrespective of the Hindus, to perform in reference to their own religion.

It was impossible for them to wait for any mandate save the mandate of their own religion in a matter that vitally concerned the honour of Islam.

It is therefore possible for them only to go to the Congress on bended knees with a clear cut programme of their own and ask the Congress to pronounce its blessings upon that programme and if they are not so fortunate as to secure the blessings of the National Assembly without meaning any disrespect to that assembly, it is their bounden duty to go on with their programme, and so it is the duty of every Hindu who considers his Mussalman brother as a brother who has a just cause which he wishes to vindicate, to throw in his lot with his Mussalman brother.

Our leader does not quarrel with the principle of non-co-operation by itself, but he objects to the three principal details of non-co-operation.

COUNCIL ELECTIONS

He considers that it is our duty to seek election to the Councils and fight our battle on the floor of the Council hall.

I do not deny the possibility of a fight and a royal fight on the Council floor.

We have done it for the last 35 years, but I venture to suggest to you and to him, with all due respect, that it is not non-co-operation and it is not half as successful as non-co-operation can be.

You cannot go to a class of people with a view to convince them by any fight--call it even obstruction--who have got a settled conviction and a settled policy to follow.

It is in medical language an incompatible mixture out of which you can gain nothing, but if you totally boycott the Council, you create a public opinion in the country with reference to the Khilafat wrong and the Punjab wrong which will become totally irresistible.

The first advantage of going to the Councils must be good-will on the part of the rulers.

It is absolutely lacking.

In the place of good-will you have got nothing but injustice but I must move on.

LAWYERS' PRACTICE

I come now to the second objection of Mr. Kasturiranga Iyengar with reference to the suspension by lawyers of their practice.

Milk is good in itself but it comes absolutely poisonous immediately a little bit of arsenic is added to it.

Law courts are similarly good when justice is distilled through them on behalf of a Sovereign power which wants to do justice to its people.

Law courts are one of the greatest symbols of power and in the battle of non-co-operation, you may not leave law courts untouched and claim to offer non-co-operation, but if you will read that objection carefully, you will find in that objection the great fear that the lawyers will not respond to the call that the country makes upon them, and it is just there that the beauty of non-co-operation comes in.

If one lawyer alone suspends practice, it is so much to the good of the country and so if we are sure to deprive the Government of the power that it possess through its law courts, whether one lawyer takes it up or many, we must adopt that step.

GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS

He objects also to the plan of boycotting Government schools.

I can only say what I have said with reference to lawyers that if we mean non-co-operation, we may not receive any favours from the Government, no matter how advantageous by themselves they may be.

In a great struggle like this, it is not open to us to count how many schools will respond and how many parents will respond and just as a geometrical problem is difficult, because it does not admit of easy proof, so also because a certain stage in national evolution is difficult, you may not avoid that step without making the whole of the evolution a farce.

* * * * * We have had a great lesson in non-co-operation and co-operation.

We had a lesson in non-co-operation when some young men began to fight there and it is a dangerous weapon.

I have not the slightest doubt about it.

One man with a determined will to non-co-operate can disturb a whole meeting and we had a physical demonstration of it to night but ours is non-violent, non-co-operation in which there can be no mistake whatsoever in the fundamental conditions are observed.

If non-co-operation fails, it will not be for want of any inherent strength in it, but it will fall because there is no response to it, or because people have not sufficiently grasped its simple principles.

You had also a practical demonstration of co-operation just now; that heavy chair went over the heads of so many people, because all wanted to lift their little hand to move that chair away from them and so was that heavier dome also removed from our sight by co-operation of man, woman and child.

Everybody believes and knows that this Government of our exists only by the co-operation of the people and not by the force of arms it can wield and everyman with a sense of logic will tell you that the converse of that also is equally true that Government cannot stand if this co-operation on which it exists is withdrawn.

Difficulties undoubtedly there are, we have hitherto learned how to sacrifice our voice and make speeches.

We must also learn to sacrifice ease, money, comfort and that, we may learn form the Englishmen themselves.

Every one who has studied English history knows that we are now engaged in a battle with a nation which is capable of great sacrifice and the three hundred millions of India cannot make their mark upon the world, or gain their self-respect without an adequate measure of sacrifice.

BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS

Our friend has suggested the boycott of British or foreign goods.

Boycott of all foreign goods is another name for Swadeshi.

He thinks that there will be a greater response in the boycott of all foreign goods.

With the experience of years behind me and with an intimate knowledge of the mercantile classes, I venture to tell you that boycott of foreign goods, or boycott of merely British goods is more impracticable than any of the stops I have suggested.

Whereas in all the steps that I have ventured to suggest there is practically no sacrifice of money involved, in the boycott of British or foreign goods you are inviting your merchant princes to sacrifice their millions.

It has got to be done, but it is an exceedingly low process.

The same may be said of the steps that I have ventured to suggest, I know, but boycott of goods in conceived as a punishment and the punishment is only effective when it is inflicted.

What I have ventured to suggest is not a punishment, but the performance of a sacred duty, a measure of self-denial from ourselves, and therefore it is effective from its very inception when it is undertaken even by one man and a substantial duty performed even by one single man lays the foundation of nations liberty.

CONCLUSION

I am most anxious for my nation, for my Mussalman brethren also, to understand that if they want to vindicate national honour or the honour of Islam, it will be vindicated without a shadow of doubt, not be conceiving a punishment or a series of punishments, but by an adequate measure of self-sacrifice.

I wish to speak of all our leaders in terms of the greatest respect, but whatever respect we wish to pay them may not stop or arrest the progress of the country, and I am most anxious that the country at this very critical period of its history should make its choice.

The choice clearly does not lie before you and me in wresting by force of arms the sceptre form the British nation, but the choice lies in suffering this double wrong of the Khilafat and the Punjab, in pocketing humiliation and in accepting national emasculation or vindication of India's honour by sacrifice to-day by every man, woman and child and those who feel convinced of the rightness of things, we should make that choice to-night.

So, citizens of Trichinopoly, you may not wait for the whole of India but you can enforce the first step of non-co-operation and begin your operations even from to-morrow, if you have not done so already.

You can surrender all your titles to-morrow all the lawyers may surrender their practice to-morrow; those who cannot sustain body and soul by any other means can be easily supported by the Khilafat Committee, if they will give their whole time and attention to the work of that Committee and if the layers will kindly do that, you will find that there is no difficulty in settling your disputes by private arbitration.

You can nationalise your schools from to-morrow if you have got the will and the determination.

It is difficult, I know, when only a few of you think these things.

It is as easy as we are sitting here when the whole of this vast audience is of one mind and as it was easy for you to carry that chair so is it easy for you to enforce this programme from to-morrow if you have one will, one determination and love for your country, love for the honour of your country and religion.

(Loud and prolonged cheers.

) SPEECH AT CALICUT

Mr. Chairman and friends.

--On behalf of my brother Shaukut Ali and myself I wish to thank you most sincerely for the warm welcome you have extended to us.

Before I begin to explain the purpose of our mission I have to give you the information that Pir Mahboob Shah who was being tried in Sindh for sedition has been sentenced to two years' simple imprisonment.

I do not know exactly what the offence was with which the Pir was charged.

I do not know whether the words attributed to him were ever spoken by him.

But I do know that the Pirsaheb declined to offer any defence and with perfect resignation he has accepted his penalty.

For me it is a matter of sincere pleasure that the Pirsaheb who exercises great influence over his followers has understood the spirit of the struggle upon which we have embarked.

It is not by resisting the authority of Government that we expect to succeed in the great task before us.

But I do expect that we shall succeed if we understand the spirit of non-co-operation.

The Lieutenant-Governor of Burma himself has told us that the British retain their hold on India not by the force of arms but by the force of co-operation of the people.

Thus he has given us the remedy for any wrong that the Government may do to the people, whether knowingly or unknowingly.

And so long as we co-operate with the Government, so long as we support that Government, we become to that extent sharers in the wrong.

I admit that in ordinary circumstances a wise subject will tolerate the wrongs of a Government, but a wise subject never tolerates a wrong that a Government imposes on the declared will of a people.

And I venture to submit to this great meeting that the Government of India and the Imperial Government have done a double wrong to India, and if we are a nation of self-respecting people conscious of its dignity, conscious of its right, it is not just and proper that we should stand the double humiliation that the Government has heaped upon us.

By shaping and by becoming a predominant partner in the peace terms imposed on the helpless Sultan of Turkey, the Imperial Government have intentionally flouted the cherished sentiment of the Mussalman subjects of the Empire.

The present Prime Minister gave a deliberate pledge after consultation with his colleagues when it was necessary for him to conciliate the Mussalmans of India.

I claim to have studied this Khilafat question in a special manner.

I claim to understand the Mussalman feeling on the Khilafat question and I am here to declare for the tenth time that on the Khilafat matter the Government has wounded the Mussalman sentiment as they had never done before.

And I say without fear of contradiction that if the Mussalmans of India had not exercised great self-restraint and if there was not the gospel of non-co-operation preached to them and if they had not accepted it, there would have been bloodshed in India by this time.

I am free to confess that spilling of blood would not have availed their cause.

But a man who is in a state of rage whose heart has become lacerated does not count the cost of his action.

So much for the Khilafat wrong.

I propose to take you for a minute to the Punjab, the northern end of India.

And what have both Governments done for the Punjab?

I am free to confess again that the crowds in Amritsar went mad for a moment.

They were goaded to madness by a wicked administration.

But no madness on the part of a people can justify the shedding of innocent blood, and what have they paid for it?

I venture to submit that no civilised Government could ever have made the people pay the penalty and retribution that they have paid.

Innocent men were tried through mock-tribunals and imprisoned for life.

Amnesty granted to them after; I count of no consequence.

Innocent, unarmed men, who knew nothing of what was to happen, were butchered in cold blood without the slightest notice.

Modesty of women in Manianwalla, women who had done no wrong to any individual, was outraged by insolent officers.

I want you to understand what I mean by outrage of their modesty.

Their veils were opened with his stick by an officer.

Men who were declared to be utterly innocent by the Hunter Committee were made to crawl on their bellies.

And all these wrongs totally undeserved remain unavenged.

If it was the duty of the Government of India to punish those who were guilty of incendiarism and murder, as I hold it was their duty, it was doubly their duty to punish officers who insulted and oppressed innocent people.

But in the face of these official wrongs we have the debate in the house of lords supporting official terrorism, it is this double wrong, the affront to Islam and the injury to the manhood of the Punjab, that we feel bound to wipe out by non-co-operation.

We have prayed, petitioned, agitated, we have passed resolutions.

Mr. Mahomed Ali supported by his friends is now waiting on the British public.

He has pleaded the cause of Islam in a most manful manner, but his pleading has fallen on deaf ears and we have his word for it that whilst France and Italy have shown great sympathy for the cause of Islam, it is the British Ministers who have shown no sympathy.

This shows which way the British Ministers and the present holders of office in India mean to deal by the people.

There is no goodwill, there is no desire to placate the people of India.

The people of India must therefore have a remedy to redress the double wrong.

The method of the west is violence.

Wherever the people of the west have felt a wrong either justly or unjustly, they have rebelled and shed blood.

As I have said in my letter to the Viceroy of India, half of India does not believe in the remedy of violence.

The other half is too weak to offer it.

But the whole of India is deeply hurt and stirred by this wrong, and it is for that reason that I have suggested to the people of India the remedy of non-co-operation.

I consider it perfectly harmless, absolutely constitutional and yet perfectly efficacious.

It is a remedy in which, if it is properly adopted, victory is certain, and it is the age-old remedy of self-sacrifice.

Are the Mussalmans of India who feel the great wrong done to Islam ready to make an adequate self-sacrifice?

All the scriptures of the world teach us that there can be no compromise between justice and injustice.

Co-operation on the part of a justice-loving man with an unjust man is a crime.

And if we desire to compel this great Government to the will of the people, as we must, we must adopt this great remedy of non-co-operation.

And if the Mussalmans of India offer non-co-operation to Government in order to secure justice in the Khilafat matter, I believe it is duty of the Hindus to help them so long as their moans are just.

I consider the eternal friendship between the Hindus and Mussalmans is more important than the British connection.

I would prefer any day anarchy and chaos in India to an armed peace brought about by the bayonet between the Hindus and Mussalmans.

I have therefore ventured to suggest to my Hindu brethren that if they wanted to live at peace with Mussalmans, there is an opportunity which is not going to recur for the next hundred years.

And I venture to assure you that if the Government of India and the Imperial Government come to know that there is a determination on the part of the people to redress this double wrong they would not hesitate to do what is needed.

But in the Mussalmans of India will have to take the lead in the matter.

You will have to commence the first stage of non-co-operation in right earnest.

And if you may not help this Government, you may not receive help from it.

Titles which were the other day titles of honour are to-day in my opinion badges of our disgrace.

We must therefore surrender all titles of honour, all honorary offices.

It will constitute an emphatic demonstration of the disapproval by the leaders of the people of the acts of the Government.

Lawyers must suspend their practice and must resist the power of the Government which has chosen to flout public opinion.

Nor may we receive instruction from schools controlled by Government and aided by it.

Emptying of the schools will constitute a demonstration of the will of the middle class of India.

It is far better for the nation even to neglect the literary instruction of the children than to co-operate with a Government that has striven to maintain an injustice and untruth on the Khilafat and Punjab matters.

Similarly have I ventured to suggest a complete boycott of reformed councils.

That will be an emphatic declaration of the part of the representatives of the people that they do not desire to associate with the Government so long as the two wrongs continue.

We must equally decline to offer ourselves as recruits for the police or the military.

It is impossible for us to go to Mesopotamia or to offer to police that country or to offer military assistance and to help the Government in that blood guiltiness.

The last plank in the first stage is Swadeshi.

Swadeshi is intended not so much to bring pressure upon the Government as to demonstrate the capacity for sacrifice on the part of the men and women of India.

When one-fourth of India has its religion at stake and when the whole of India has its honour at stake, we can be in no mood to bedeck ourselves with French calico or silks from Japan.

We must resolve to be satisfied with cloth woven by the humble weavers of India in their own cottages out of yarn spun by their sisters in their own homes.

When a hundred years ago our tastes were not debased and we were not lured by all the fineries from the foreign countries, we were satisfied with the cloth produced by the men and women in India, and if I could but in a moment revolutionize the tastes of India and make it return to its original simplicity, I assure you that the Gods would descent to rejoice at the great act of renunciation.

That is the first stage in non-co-operation.

I hope it is as easy for you as it is easy for me to see that if India is capable of taking the first step in anything like a full measure that step will bring the redress we want.

I

therefore do not intend to take you to the other stages of non-co-operation.

I would like you to rivet your attention upon the plans in the first stage.

You will have noticed that but two things are necessary in going through the first stage: (1) Prefect spirit of non-violence is indispensable for non-co-operation, (2) only a little self-sacrifice, I pray to God that He will give the people of India sufficient courage and wisdom and patience to go through this experiment of non-co-operation.

I think you for the great reception that you have given us.

And I also thank you for the great patience and exemplary silence with which you have listened to my remarks.

_August_ 1920. SPEECH AT MANGALORE

Mr. Chairman and friends,--To my brother Shaukat Ali and me it was a pleasure to go through this beautiful garden of India.

The great reception that you gave us this afternoon, and this great assembly are most welcome to us, if they are a demonstration of your sympathy with the cause which you have the honour to represent.

I assure you that we have not undertaken this incessant travelling in order to have receptions and addresses, no matter how cordial they may be.

But we have undertaken this travelling throughout the length and breadth of this dear Motherland to place before you the position that faces us to-day.

It is our privilege, as it is our duty, to place that position before the country and let her make the choice.

Throughout our tour we have received many addresses, but in my humble opinion no address was more truly worded than the address that was presented to us at Kasargod.

It addressed both of us as 'dear revered brothers.'

I am unable to accept the second adjective 'revered.'

The word 'dear' is dear to me I must confess.

But dearer than that is the expression 'brothers.'

The signatories to that address recognized the true significance of this travel.

No blood brothers can possibly be more intimately related, can possibly be more united in one purpose, one aim than my brother Shaukat Ali and I. And I considered it a proud privilege and honour to be addressed as blood brother to Shaukat Ali.

The contents of that address were as equally significant.

It stated that in our united work was represented the essence of the unity between the Mussalmans and Hindus in India.

If we two cannot represent that very desirable unity, if we two cannot cement the relation between the two communities, I do not know who can.

Then without any rhetoric and without any flowery language the address went on to describe the inwardness of the Punjab and the Khilafat struggle; and then in simple and beautiful language it described the spiritual significance of Satyagrah and Non-co-operation.

This was followed by a frank and simple promise.

Although the signatories to the address realised the momentous nature of the struggle on which we have embarked, and although they sympathise with the struggle with their whole heart, they wound up by saying that even if they could not follow non-co-operation in all its details, they would do as much as they could to help the struggle.

And lastly, in eloquent, and true language, they said 'if we cannot rise equal to the occasion it will not be due to want of effort but to want of ability.'

I can desire no better address, no better promise, and if you, the citizens of Mangalore, can come up to the level of the signatories, and give us just the assurance that you consider the struggle to be right and that it commands your entire approval, I am certain you will make all sacrifice that lies in your power.

For we are face to face with a peril greater than plagues, greater than influenza, greater than earthquakes and mighty floods, which sometimes overwhelm this land.

These physical calamities can rob us of so many Indian bodies.

But the calamity that has at the present moment overtaken India touches the religious honour of a fourth of her children and the self-respect of the whole nation.

The Khilafat wrong affects the Mussalmans of India, and the Punjab calamity very nearly overwhelms the manhood of India.

Shall we in the face of this danger be weak or rise to our full height.

The remedy for both the wrongs is the spiritual solvent of non-co-operation.

I call it a spiritual weapon, because it demands discipline and sacrifice from us.

It demands sacrifice from every individual irrespective of the rest.

And the promise that is behind this performance of duty, the promise given by every religion that I have studied is sure and certain.