This Simian World — Part 3
VII
There are many other beasts that one might once have thought had a chance.
Some, like horses and deer, were not bold enough; or were stupid, like buffaloes.
Some had over-trustful characters, like the seals; or exploitable characters, like cows, and chickens, and sheep.
Such creatures sentence themselves to be captives, by their lack of ambition.
Dogs?
They have more spirit.
But they have lost their chance of kingship through worshipping us.
The dog's finer qualities can't be praised too warmly; there is a purity about his devotion which makes mere men feel speechless: but with all love for dogs, one must grant they are vassals, not rulers.
They are too parasitic--the one willing servant class of the world.
And we have betrayed them by making under-simians of them.
We have taught them some of our own ways of behaving, and frowned upon theirs.
Loving us, they let us stop their developing in tune with their natures;
and they've patiently tried ever since to adopt ways of ours.
They have done it, too; but of course they can't get far: it's not their own road.
Dogs have more love than integrity.
They've been true to us, yes, but they haven't been true to themselves.
Pigs?
The pig is remarkably intelligent and brave,--but he's gross; and grossness delays one's achievement, it takes so much time.
The snake too, though wise, has a way of eating himself into stupors.
If super-snake-men had had banquets they would have been too vast to describe.
Each little snake family could have eaten a herd of cattle at Christmas.
Goats, then?
Bears or turtles?
Wolves, whales, crows?
Each had brains and pride, and would have been glad to rule the world if they could; but each had their defects, and their weaknesses for such a position.
The elephant?
Ah!
Evolution has had its tragedies, hasn't it, as well as its triumphs; and well should the elephant know it.
He had the best chance of all.
Wiser even than the lion, or the wisest of apes, his wisdom furthermore was benign where theirs was sinister.
Consider his dignity, his poise and skill.
He was plastic, too.
He had learned to eat many foods and endure many climates.
Once, some say, this race explored the globe.
Their bones are found everywhere, in South America even; so the elephants' Columbus may have found some road here before ours.
They are cosmopolitans, these suave and well-bred beings.
They have rich emotional natures, long memories, loyalty; they are steady and sure; and not narrow, not self-absorbed, for they seem interested in everything.
What was it then, that put them out of the race?
Could it have been a quite natural belief that they had already won?
And when they saw that they hadn't, and that the monkey-men were getting ahead, were they too great-minded and decent to exterminate their puny rivals?
It may have been their tolerance and patience that betrayed them.
They wait too long before they resent an imposition or insult.
Just as ants are too energetic and cats too shrewd for their own highest good, so the elephants suffer from too much patience.
Their exhibitions of it may seem superb,--such power and such restraint, combined, are noble,--but a quality carried to excess defeats itself.
Kings who won't lift their scepters must yield in the end;
and, the worst of it is, to upstarts who snatch at their crowns.
I fancy the elephants would have been gentler masters than we: more live-and-let-live in allowing other species to stay here.
Our way is to kill good and bad, male and female and babies, till the few last survivors lie hidden away from our guns.
All species must surrender unconditionally--those are our terms--and come and live in barns alongside us; or on us, as parasites.
The creatures that want to live a life of their own, we call wild.
If wild, then no matter how harmless we treat them as outlaws, and those of us who are specially well brought up shoot them for fun.
Some might be our friends.
We don't wish it.
We keep them all terrorized.
When one of us conquering monkey-men enters the woods, most animals that scent him slink away, or race off in a panic.
It is not that we have planned this deliberately: but they know what we're like.
Race by race they have been slaughtered.
Soon all will be gone.
We give neither freedom nor life-room to those we defeat.
If we had been as strong as the elephants, we might have been kinder.
When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely.
We use it as parvenus do, because that's what we are.
The elephant, being born to it, is easy-going, confident, tolerant.
He would have been a more humane king.
A race descended from elephants would have had to build on a large scale.
Imagine a crowd of huge, wrinkled, slow-moving elephant-men getting into a vast elephant omnibus.
And would they have ever tried airships?
The elephant is stupid when it comes to learning how to use tools.
So are all other species except our own.
Isn't it strange?
A
tool, in the most primitive sense, is any object, lying around, that can obviously be used as an instrument for this or that purpose.
Many creatures use objects as _materials_, as birds use twigs for nests.
But the step that no animal takes is learning freely to use things as instruments.
When an elephant plucks off a branch and swishes his flanks, and thus keeps away insects, he is using a tool.
But he does it only by a vague and haphazard association of ideas.
If he once became a conscious user of tools he would of course go much further.
We ourselves, who are so good at it now, were slow enough in beginning.
Think of the long epochs that passed before it entered our heads.
And all that while the contest for leadership blindly went on, without any species making use of this obvious aid.
The lesson to be learned was simple: the reward was the rule of a planet.
Yet only one species, our own, has ever had that much brains.
It makes you wonder what other obvious lessons may still be unlearned.
It is not necessarily stupid however, to fail to use tools.
To use tools involves using reason, instead of sticking to instinct.
Now, sticking to instinct has its disadvantages, but so has using reason.
Whichever faculty you use, the other atrophies, and partly deserts you.
We are trying to use both.
But we still don't know which has the more value.
A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who tried to use reason instead of instinct as a guide for his conduct.
I imagine him, perched in his tree, torn between those two voices, wailing loudly at night by a river, in his puzzled distress.
My poor far-off brother!
VIII
We have been considering which species was on the whole most finely equipped to be rulers, and thereafter achieve a high civilization;
but that wasn't the problem.
The real problem was which would _do_ it:--a different matter.
To do it there was need of a species that had at least these two qualities: some quenchless desire, to urge them on and on; and also adaptability of a thousand kinds to their environment.
The rhinoceros cares little for adaptability.
He slogs through the world.
But we!
we are experts.
Adaptability is what we depend on.
We talk of our mastery of nature, which sounds very grand; but the fact is we respectfully adapt ourselves first, to her ways.
"We attain no power over nature till we learn natural laws, and our lordship depends on the adroitness with which we learn and conform."
Adroitness however is merely an ability to win; back of it there must be some spur to make us use our adroitness.
Why don't we all die or give up when we're sick of the world?
Because the love of life is reenforced, in most energized beings, by some longing that pushes them forward, in defeat and in darkness.
All creatures wish to live, and to perpetuate their species, of course; but those two wishes alone evidently do not carry any race far.
In addition to these, a race, to be great, needs some hunger, some itch, to spur it up the hard path we lately have learned to call evolution.
The love of toil in the ants, and of craft in cats, are examples (imaginary or not).
What other such lust could exert great driving force?
With us is it curiosity?
endless interest in one's environment?
Many animals have some curiosity, but "some" is not enough; and in but few is it one of the master passions.
By a master passion, I mean a passion that is really your master: some appetite which habitually, day in, day out, makes its subjects forget fatigue or danger, and sacrifice their ease to its gratification.
That is the kind of hold that curiosity has on the monkeys.
