English Synonyms and Antonyms — Pain to Pay, n.

Synonyms: ache, distress, suffering, torture, agony, pang, throe, twinge, anguish, paroxysm, torment, wo(e).

_Pain_ is the most general term of this group, including all the others;

_pain_ is a disturbing sensation from which nature revolts, resulting from some injurious external interference (as from a wound, a bruise, a harsh word, etc. ), or from some lack of what one needs, craves, or cherishes (as, the _pain_ of hunger or bereavement), or from some abnormal action of bodily or mental functions (as, the _pains_ of disease, envy, or discontent).

_Suffering_ is one of the severer forms of _pain_.

The prick of a needle causes _pain_, but we should scarcely speak of it as _suffering_.

_Distress_ is too strong a word for little hurts, too feeble for the intensest _suffering_, but commonly applied to some continuous or prolonged trouble or need; as, the _distress_ of a shipwrecked crew, or of a destitute family.

_Ache_ is lingering _pain_, more or less severe; _pang_, a _pain_ short, sharp, intense, and perhaps repeated.

We speak of the _pangs_ of hunger or of remorse.

_Throe_ is a violent and thrilling _pain_.

_Paroxysm_ applies to an alternately recurring and receding _pain_, which comes as it were in waves; the _paroxysm_ is the rising of the wave.

_Torment_ and _torture_ are intense and terrible _sufferings_.

_Agony_ and _anguish_ express the utmost _pain_ or _suffering_ of body or mind.

_Agony_ of body is that with which the system struggles; _anguish_ that by which it is crushed.

Antonyms: comfort, delight, ease, enjoyment, peace, rapture, relief, solace.

* * * * * PALLIATE.

Synonyms: apologize for, conceal, extenuate, hide, screen, cloak, cover, gloss over, mitigate, veil.

_Cloak_, from the French, and _palliate_, from the Latin, are the same in original signification, but have diverged in meaning; a _cloak_ may be used to _hide_ completely the person or some object carried about the person, or it may but partly _veil_ the figure, making the outlines less distinct; _cloak_ is used in the former, _palliate_, in the latter sense; to _cloak_ a sin is to attempt to _hide_ it from discovery; to _palliate_ it is to attempt to _hide_ some part of its blameworthiness.

"When we _palliate_ our own or others' faults we do not seek to _cloke_ them altogether, but only to _extenuate_ the guilt of them in part."

TRENCH _Study of Words_ lect.

vi, p. 266. Either to _palliate_ or to _extenuate_ is to admit the fault; but to _extenuate_ is rather to _apologize_ for the offender, while to _palliate_ is to disguise the fault; hence, we speak of _extenuating_ but not of _palliating_ circumstances, since circumstances can not change the inherent wrong of an act, tho they may lessen the blameworthiness of him who does it;

_palliating_ a bad thing by giving it a mild name does not make it less evil.

In reference to diseases, to _palliate_ is really to diminish their violence, or partly to relieve the sufferer.

Compare ALLEVIATE;

HIDE.

* * * * * PARDON, _v.

_ Synonyms: absolve, condone, forgive, pass by, remit.

acquit, excuse, overlook, pass over, To _pardon_ is to let pass, as a fault or sin, without resentment, blame, or punishment.

_Forgive_ has reference to feelings, _pardon_ to consequences; hence, the executive may _pardon_, but has nothing to do officially with _forgiving_.

Personal injury may be _forgiven_ by the person wronged; thus, God at once _forgives_ and _pardons_; the _pardoned_ sinner is exempt from punishment; the _forgiven_ sinner is restored to the divine favor.

To _pardon_ is the act of a superior, implying the right to punish; to _forgive_ is the privilege of the humblest person who has been wronged or offended.

In law, to _remit_ the whole penalty is equivalent to _pardoning_ the offender; but a part of a penalty may be _remitted_ and the remainder inflicted, as where the penalty includes both fine and imprisonment.

To _condone_ is to put aside a recognized offense by some act which restores the offender to forfeited right or privilege, and is the act of a private individual, without legal formalities.

To _excuse_ is to _overlook_ some slight offense, error, or breach of etiquette; _pardon_ is often used by courtesy in nearly the same sense.

A person may speak of _excusing_ or _forgiving_ himself, but not of _pardoning_ himself.

Compare ABSOLVE;

PARDON, _n.

_ Antonyms: castigate, chastise, convict, doom, recompense, sentence, chasten, condemn, correct, punish, scourge, visit.

* * * * * PARDON, _n.

_ Synonyms: absolution, amnesty, forgiveness, oblivion, acquittal, forbearance, mercy, remission.

_Acquittal_ is a release from a charge, after trial, as not guilty.

_Pardon_ is a removal of penalty from one who has been adjudged guilty.

_Acquittal_ is by the decision of a court, commonly of a jury; _pardon_ is the act of the executive.

An innocent man may demand _acquittal_, and need not plead for _pardon_.

_Pardon_ supposes an offense; yet, as our laws stand, to grant a _pardon_ is sometimes the only way to release one who has been wrongly convicted.

_Oblivion_, from the Latin, signifies overlooking and virtually forgetting an offense, so that the offender stands before the law in all respects as if it had never been committed.

_Amnesty_ brings the same idea through the Greek.

_Pardon_ affects individuals; _amnesty_ and _oblivion_ are said of great numbers.

_Pardon_ is oftenest applied to the ordinary administration of law;

_amnesty_, to national and military affairs.

An _amnesty_ is issued after war, insurrection, or rebellion; it is often granted by "an act of _oblivion_," and includes a full _pardon_ of all offenders who come within its provisions.

_Absolution_ is a religious word (compare synonyms for ABSOLVE).

_Remission_ is a discharge from penalty; as, the _remission_ of a fine.

Antonyms: penalty, punishment, retaliation, retribution, vengeance.

Prepositions: A pardon _to_ or _for_ the offenders; _for_ all offenses; the pardon _of_ offenders or offenses.

* * * * * PART, _v.

_ Synonyms: Compare synonyms for PART, _n.

_ Prepositions: Part _into_ shares; part _in_ the middle; part one _from_ another; part _among_ the claimants; part _between_ contestants (archaic); in general, to part _from_ is to relinquish companionship; to part _with_ is to relinquish possession; we part _from_ a person or _from_ something thought of with some sense of companionship; a traveler parts _from_ his friends; he maybe said also to part _from_ his native shore; a man parts _with_ an estate, a horse, a copyright; part _with_ may be applied to a person thought of in any sense as a possession; an employer parts _with_ a clerk or servant; but _part with_ is sometimes used by good writers as meaning simply to separate from.

* * * * * PART, _n.

_ Synonyms: atom, fraction, member, section, component, fragment, particle, segment, constituent, ingredient, piece, share, division, instalment, portion, subdivision.

element, _Part_, a substance, quantity, or amount that is the result of the division of something greater, is the general word, including all the others of this group.

A _fragment_ is the result of breaking, rending, or disruption of some kind, while a _piece_ may be smoothly or evenly separated and have a certain completeness in itself.

A _piece_ is often taken for a sample; a _fragment_ scarcely would be.

_Division_ and _fraction_ are always regarded as in connection with the total;

_divisions_ may be equal or unequal; a _fraction_ is one of several equal _parts_ into which the whole is supposed to be divided.

A

_portion_ is a _part_ viewed with reference to some one who is to receive it or some special purpose to which it is to be applied; in a restaurant one _portion_ (_i.

e. _, the amount designed for one person) is sometimes, by special order, served to two; a _share_ is a _part_ to which one has or may acquire a right in connection with others; an _instalment_ is one of a series of proportionate payments that are to be continued till the entire claim is discharged; a _particle_ is an exceedingly small _part_.

A _component_, _constituent_, _ingredient_, or _element_ is a _part_ of some compound or mixture; an _element_ is necessary to the existence, as a _component_ or _constituent_ is necessary to the completeness of that which it helps to compose; an _ingredient_ may be foreign or accidental.

A _subdivision_ is a _division_ of a _division_.

We speak of a _segment_ of a circle.

Compare PARTICLE; PORTION.

* * * * * PARTICLE.

Synonyms: atom, grain, mite, scrap, whit.

corpuscle, iota, molecule, shred, element, jot, scintilla, tittle, A _particle_ is a very small part of any material substance; as, a _particle_ of sand or of dust; it is a general term, not accurately determinate in meaning.

_Atom_ (Gr.

_a-_ privative, not, and _temno_, cut) etymologically signifies that which can not be cut or divided, and is the smallest conceivable _particle_ of matter, regarded as absolutely homogeneous and as having but one set of properties; _atoms_ are the ultimate _particles_ of matter.

A _molecule_ is made up of _atoms_, and is regarded as separable into its constituent parts; as used by physicists, a _molecule_ is the smallest conceivable part which retains all the characteristics of the substance; thus, a _molecule_ of water is made up of two _atoms_ of hydrogen and one _atom_ of oxygen.

_Element_ in chemistry denotes, without reference to quantity, a substance regarded as simple, _i.

e. _, one incapable of being resolved by any known process into simpler substances; the _element_ gold may be represented by an ingot or by a _particle_ of gold-dust.

In popular language, an _element_ is any essential constituent; the ancients believed that the universe was made up of the four _elements_, earth, air, fire, and water; a storm is spoken of as a manifestation of the fury of the _elements_.

We speak of _corpuscles_ of blood.

Compare PART.

Antonyms: aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, sum, sum total, total, whole.

* * * * * PATIENCE.

Synonyms: calmness, forbearance, long-suffering, sufferance.

composure, fortitude, resignation, endurance, leniency, submission, _Patience_ is the quality or habit of mind shown in bearing passively and uncomplainingly any pain, evil, or hardship that may fall to one's lot.

_Endurance_ hardens itself against suffering, and may be merely stubborn; _fortitude_ is _endurance_ animated by courage; _endurance_ may by modifiers be made to have a passive force, as when we speak of "passive endurance;" _patience_ is not so hard as _endurance_ nor so self-effacing as _submission_.

_Submission_ is ordinarily and _resignation_ always applied to matters of great moment, while _patience_ may apply to slight worries and annoyances.

As regards our relations to our fellow men, _forbearance_ is abstaining from retaliation or revenge; _patience_ is keeping kindliness of heart under vexatious conduct; _long-suffering_ is continued _patience_.

_Patience_ may also have an active force denoting uncomplaining steadiness in doing, as in tilling the soil.

Compare INDUSTRY.

Antonyms: See synonyms for ANGER.

Prepositions: Patience _in_ or _amid_ sufferings; patience _with_ (rarely _toward_) opposers or offenders; patience _under_ afflictions; (rarely) patience _of_ heat or cold, etc. * * * * * PAY, _n.

_ Synonyms: allowance, hire, recompense, salary, compensation, honorarium, remuneration, stipend, earnings, payment, requital, wages.

fee, An _allowance_ is a stipulated amount furnished at regular intervals as a matter of discretion or gratuity, as of food to besieged soldiers, or of money to a child or ward.

_Compensation_ is a comprehensive word signifying a return for a service done.

_Remuneration_ is applied to matters of great amount or importance.

_Recompense_ is a still wider and loftier word, with less suggestion of calculation and market value;

there are services for which affection and gratitude are the sole and sufficient _recompense_; _earnings_, _fees_, _hire_, _pay_, _salary_, and _wages_ are forms of _compensation_ and may be included in _compensation_, _remuneration_, or _recompense_.

_Pay_ is commercial and strictly signifies an exact pecuniary equivalent for a thing or service, except when the contrary is expressly stated, as when we speak of "high _pay_" or "poor _pay_."

_Wages_ denotes what a worker receives.

_Earnings_ is often used as exactly equivalent to _wages_, but may be used with reference to the real value of work done or service rendered, and even applied to inanimate things; as, the _earnings_ of capital.

_Hire_ is distinctly mercenary or menial, but as a noun has gone out of popular use, tho the verb _to hire_ is common.

_Salary_ is for literary or professional work, _wages_ for handicraft or other comparatively inferior service; a _salary_ is regarded as more permanent than _wages_;

an editor receives a _salary_, a compositor receives _wages_.

_Stipend_ has become exclusively a literary word.

A _fee_ is given for a single service or privilege, and is sometimes in the nature of a gratuity.

Compare REQUITE.

* * * * * PEOPLE.

Synonyms: