About Orchids, a Chat — Chapter Nine: Orchids and Hybridizing, Section 2

For a long time after 1853, when serious work begun, Messrs. Veitch had a monopoly of the business.

It is but forty years, therefore, since experiments commenced, in which time hundreds of hybrids have been added to our list of flowers; but--this is my point--Nature has been busy at the same task for unknown ages, and who can measure the fruits of her industry?

I do not offer the remark as an argument; our observations are too few as yet.

It may well be urged that if Nature had been thus active, the "natural hybrids" which can be recognized would be much more numerous than they are.

I have pointed out that many of the largest genera show very few; many none at all.

But is it impossible that the explanation appears to fail only because we cannot yet push it far enough?

When the hybridizer causes by force a fruitful union betwixt two genera, he seems to triumph over a botanical law.

But suppose the genera themselves are artificial, only links in a grand chain which Nature has forged slowly, patiently, with many a break and many a failure, in the course of ages?

She would finish her work bit by bit, and at every stage the new variety may have united with others in endless succession.

Few natural hybrids can be identified among Cattleyas, for instance.

But suppose Cattleyas are all hybrids, the result of promiscuous intercourse among genera during cycles of time--suppose, that is, the genus itself sprang from parents widely diverse, crossing, returning, intercrossing from age to age?

It is admitted that Cypripedium represents a primeval form--perhaps _the_ primeval form--of orchid.

Suppose that we behold, in this nineteenth century, a mere epoch, or stage, in the ceaseless evolution?

Only an irresponsible amateur could dare talk in this way.

It would, in truth, be very futile speculation if experiments already successful did not offer a chance of proof one day, and others, hourly ripening, did not summon us to think.

I may cite, with the utmost brevity, two or three facts which--to me unscientific--appear inexplicable, unless species of orchid were developed on the spot; or the theory of special local creations be admitted.

_Oncidium cucullatum_ flourishes in certain limited areas of Peru, of Ecuador, of Colombia, and of Venezuela.

It is not found in the enormous spaces between, nor are any Oncidiums which might be accepted as its immediate parents.

Can we suppose that the winds or the birds carried it over mountain ranges and broad rivers more than two thousand miles, in four several directions, to establish it upon a narrow tract?

It is a question of faith; but, for my own part, I could as soon believe that æsthetic emigrants took it with them.

But even winds and birds could not bear the seed of _Dendrobium heterocarpum_ from Ceylon to Burmah, and from Burmah to Luzon in the Philippines; at least, I am utterly unable to credit it.

If the plants were identical, or nearly, in their different habitats, this case would be less significant.

But the _D.

heterocarpum_ of Ceylon has a long, thin pseudo-bulb, with bright yellow flowers; that of Burmah is short and thick, with paler colouring;

that of Luzon is no less than three feet high, exaggerating the stature of its most distant relative while showing the colour of its nearest;

but all, absolutely, the same botanic plant.

I have already mentioned other cases.

Experience hitherto suggests that we cannot raise Odontoglossum seedlings in this climate; very, very few have ever been obtained.

Attempts in France have been rather more successful.

Baron Adolf de Rothschild has four different hybrids of Odontoglossum in bud at this present moment in his garden at Armainvilliers, near Paris.

M.

Moreau has a variety of seedlings.

Authorities admit now that a very great proportion of our Odontoglossums are natural hybrids; so many can be identified beyond the chance of error that the field for speculation has scarcely bounds.

_O.

excellens_ is certainly descended from _O.

Pescatorei_ and _O.

triumphans_, _O.

elegans_ from _O.

cirrhosum_ and _O.

Hallii_, _O.

Wattianum_ from _O.

Harryanum_ and _O.

hystrix_.

And it must be observed that we cannot trace pedigree beyond the parents as yet, saving a very, very few cases.

But unions have been contracting during cycles of time; doubtless, from the laws of things the orchid is latest born of Nature's children in the world of flora, but mighty venerable by this time, nevertheless.

We can identify the mixed offspring of _O.

crispum Alexandræ_ paired with _O.

gloriosum_, with _O.

luteopurpureum_, with _O.

Lindleyanum_; these parents dwell side by side, and they could not fail to mingle.

We can already trace with assurance a few double crosses, as _O.

lanceans_, the result of an alliance between _O.

crispum Alexandræ_ and _O.

Ruckerianum_, which latter is a hybrid of the former with _O.

gloriosum_.

When we observe _O.

Roezlii_ upon the bank of the River Cauca and _O.

vexillarium_ on the higher ground, whilst _O.

vexillarium superbum_ lives between, we may confidently attribute its peculiarity of a broad dark blotch upon the lip to the influence of _O.

Roezlii_.

So, taking station at Manaos upon the Amazons, we find, to eastward, _Cattleya superba_, to westward _C.

Eldorado_, and in the midst _C.

Brymeriana_, which, it is safe to assume, represents the union of the two; for that matter, the theory will very soon be tested, for M. Alfred Bleu has "made the cross" of _C.

superba_ and _C.

Eldorado_, and its flower is expected with no little interest.

These cases, and many more, are palpable.

We see a variety in the making at this date.

A thousand years hence, or ten thousand, by more distant alliances, by a change of conditions, the variety may well have developed into a species, or, by marriage excursions yet wider, it may have founded a genus.

I have named Mr. Cookson several times; in fact, to discourse of hybridization for amateurs without reference to his astonishing "record" would be grotesque.

One Sunday afternoon, ten years ago, he amused himself with investigating the structure of a few Cypripeds, after reading Darwin's book; and he impregnated them.

To his astonishment the seed-vessel began to swell, and so did Mr. Cookson's enthusiasm simultaneously.

He did not yet know, and, happily, these experiments gave him no reason to suspect, that pseudo-fertilization can be produced, actually, by anything.

So intensely susceptible is the stigmatic surface of the Cypriped that a touch excites it furiously.

Upon the irritation caused by a bit of leaf, it will go sometimes through all the visible processes of fecundation, the ovary will swell and ripen, and in due time burst, with every appearance of fertility;

but, of course, there is no seed.

Beginners, therefore, must not be too sanguine when their bold attempts promise well.

From that day Mr. Cookson gave his leisure to hybridization, with such results as, in short, are known to everybody who takes an interest in orchids.

Failures in abundance he had at first, but the proportion has grown less and less until, at this moment, he confidently looks for success in seventy-five per cent.

of his attempts; but this does not apply to bi-generic crosses, which hitherto have not engaged his attention much.

Beginning with Cypripedium, he has now ninety-four hybrids--very many plants of each--produced from one hundred and forty capsules sown.

Of Calanthe, sixteen hybrids from nineteen capsules; of Dendrobium, thirty-six hybrids from forty-one capsules; of Masdevallia, four hybrids from seventeen capsules; of Odontoglossum, none from nine capsules; of Phajus, two from two capsules; of Vanda, none from one capsule; of bi-generic, one from nine capsules.

There may be another indeed, but the issue of an alliance so startling, and produced under circumstances so dubious, that Mr. Cookson will not own it until he sees the flower.

It does not fall within the scope of this chapter to analyze the list of this gentleman's triumphs, but even _savants_ will be interested to hear a few of the most remarkable crosses therein, for it is not published.

I cite the following haphazard:-- Phajus Wallichii × Phajus tuberculosus.

Loelia præstans.

× Cattleya Dowiana.

" purpurata × Cattleya Dowiana.

" " × Loelia grandis tenebrosa.

" " × Cattleya Mendellii.

" marginata × Loelia elegans Cooksoni.

Cattleya Mendellii × " purpurata.

" Trianæ × " harpophylla.

" Percivalliana × " " Lawrenceana × Cattleya Mossiæ.

" gigas × " Gaskelliana.

" crispa × " " " Dowiana × " " " Schofieldiana × " gigas imperialis.

" Leopoldii × " Dowiana.

Cypripedium Stonei × Cypripedium Godefroyæ.

" " × " Spicerianum.

" Sanderianum × " Veitchii.

" Spicerianum × " Sanderianum.

" Io × " vexillarium.

Dendrobium nobile nobilus × Dendrobium Falconerii.

" " × " nobile Cooksonianum.

" Wardianum × " aureum.

" " × " Linawianum.

" luteolum × " nobile nobilius.

Masdevallia Tovarensis × Masdevallia bella.

" Shuttleworthii × " Tovarensis.

" " × " rosea.

Of these, and so many more, Mr. Cookson has at this moment fifteen thousand plants.

Since my object is to rouse the attention of amateurs, that they may go and do likewise, I may refer lightly to a consideration which would be out of place under other circumstances.

Professional growers of orchids are fond of speculating how much the Wylam collection would realize if judiciously put on the market.

I shall not mention the estimates I have heard; it is enough to say they reach many, many thousands of pounds; that the difference between the highest and the lowest represents a handsome fortune.

And this great sum has been earned by brains alone, without increase of expenditure, by boldness of initiative, thought, care, and patience; without special knowledge also, at the beginning, for ten years ago Mr. Cookson had no more acquaintance with orchids than is possessed by every gentleman who takes an interest in them, while his gardener the early time was both ignorant and prejudiced.

This should encourage enterprise, I think--the revelation of means to earn great wealth in a delightful employment.

But amateurs must be quick.

Almost every professional grower of orchids is preparing to enter the field.

They, however, must needs give the most of their attention to such crosses as may be confidently expected to catch the public fancy, as has been said.

I advise my readers to be daring, even desperate.

It is satisfactory to learn that Mr. Cookson intends to make a study of bi-generic hybridization henceforward.

[9] The common motive for crossing orchids is that, of course, which urges the florist in other realms of botany.

He seeks to combine tints, forms, varied peculiarities, in a new shape.

Orchids lend themselves to experiment with singular freedom, within certain limits, and their array of colours seems to invite our interference.

Taking species and genera all round, yellow dominates, owing to its prevalence in the great family of Oncidium; purples and mauves stand next by reason of their supremacy among the Cattleyas.

Green follows--if we admit the whole group of Epidendrums--the great majority of which are not beautiful, however.

Of magenta, the rarest of natural hues, we have not a few instances.

Crimson, in a thousand shades, is frequent; pure white a little rare, orange much rarer; scarlet very uncommon, and blue almost unknown, though supremely lovely in the few instances that occur.

Thus the temptation to hybridize with the object of exchanging colours is peculiarly strong.

It becomes yet stronger by reason of the delightful uncertainty which attends one's efforts.

So far as I have heard or read, no one has yet been able to offer a suggestion of any law which decides the result of combination.

In a general way, both parents will be represented in the offspring, but how, to what degree either will dominate, in what parts, colours, or fashions a hybrid will show its mixed lineage, the experienced refuse to conjecture, saving certain easy classes.

After choosing parents thoughtfully, with a clear perception of the aim in view, one must "go it blind."

Very often the precise effect desired appears in due time; very often something unlooked for turns up; but nearly always the result is beautiful, whether or no it serve the operator's purpose.

Besides effect, however, there is an utility in hybridization which relates to culture.

Thus, for example, the lovely _Cypripedium Fairieanum_ is so difficult to grow that few dealers keep it in their stock; by crossing it with _Cyp.

barbatum_, from Mount Ophir, a rough-and-ready cool species, we get _Cyp.

vexillarium_, which takes after the latter in constitution while retaining much of the beauty of the former.

Or again, _Cypripedium Sanderianum_, from the Malay Archipelago, needs such swampy heat as few even of its fellows appreciate; it has been crossed with _Cyp.

insigne_, which will flourish anywhere, and though the seedlings have not yet bloomed, there is no reasonable doubt that they will prove as useful and beautiful as in the other case.

_Cypripedium insigne_, of the fine varieties, has been employed in a multitude of such instances.

There is the striking _Cyp.

hirsutissimum_, with sepals of a nameless green, shaded yellow, studded with spiculæ, exquisitely frilled, and tipped, by a contrast almost startling, with pale purple.

It is very "hot" in the first place, and, in the second, its appearance would be still more effective if some white could be introduced; present it to _Cyp.

niveum_ and confidently expect that the progeny will bear cooler treatment, whilst their "dorsal sepal" will be blanched.

So the charming _Masdevallia Tovarensis_, warm, white and lowly, will take to itself the qualities, in combination, of _Mas.

bella_, tall, cool, and highly coloured red and yellow, as Mr. Cookson has proved; so _Phaloenopsis Wightii_, delicate of growth and small of flower, will become strong and generous by union with _Phal.

grandiflora_, without losing its dainty tones.

It is worth mention that the first Flora medal offered by the Royal Horticultural Society for a seedling--a hybrid--in open competition was won by _Loelia Arnoldiana_ in 1891; the same variety took the first prize in 1892. It was raised by Messrs. Sander from _L.

purpurata_ × _Catt.

labiata_; seed sown 1881, flowered 1891. And now for the actual process by which these most desirable results, and ten thousand others, may be obtained.

I shall not speak upon my own authority, which the universe has no reason to trust.

Let us observe the methods practised in the great establishment of Mr. Sander at St. Albans.

Remark, in the first place, the low, unshaded range of houses devoted to hybridization, a contrast to those lofty structures, a hundred yards long or more, where plants merely flourish and bloom.

Their span roofs one may touch with the hand, and their glass is always newly cleaned.

The first and last demand of the hybridizer is light--light--eternally light.

Want of it stands at the bottom of all his disappointments, perhaps.

The very great majority of orchids, such as I refer to, have their home in the tropics; even the "cool" Odontoglots and Masdevallias owe that quality to their mountaineering habit, not to latitude.

They live so near the equator that sunshine descends almost perpendicularly--and the sun shines for more than half the year.

But in this happy isle of ours, upon the very brightest day of midsummer, its rays fall at an angle of 28°, declining constantly until, at midwinter, they struggle through the fogs at an inclination of 75°.

The reader may work out this proportion for himself, but he must add to his reckoning the thickness of our atmosphere at its best, and the awful number of cloudy days.

We cannot spare one particle of light.

The ripening seed must stand close beneath the glass, and however fierce the sunshine no blind may be interposed.

It is likely that the mother-plant will be burnt up--quite certain that it will be much injured.

This house is devoted to the hybridizing of Cypripediums; I choose that genus for our demonstration, because, as has been said, it is so very easy and so certain that an intelligent girl mastered all its eccentricities of structure after a single lesson, which made her equally proficient in those of Dendrobes, Oncidiums, Odontoglots, Epidendrums, and I know not how many more.

The leaves are green and smooth as yet, with many a fantastic bloom, and many an ovary that has just begun to swell, rising amidst the verdure.

Each flower spike which has been crossed carries its neat label, registering the father's name and the date of union.

Mr. Maynard takes the two first virgin blooms to hand: _Cypripedium Sanderianum_, and _Cypripedium Godefroyæ_, as it chances.

Let us cut off the lip in order to see more clearly.

Looking down now upon the flower, we mark two wings, the petals, which stood on either side of the vanished lip.

From the junction of these wings issues a round stalk, about one quarter of an inch long, and slightly hairy, called the "column."

It widens out at the tip, forming a pretty table, rather more than one-third of an inch long and wide.

This table serves no purpose in our inquiry; it obstructs the view, and we will remove it; but the reader understands, of course, that these amputations cannot be performed when business is intended.

Now--the table snipped off--we see those practical parts of the flower that interest us.

Beneath its protection, the column divides into three knobbly excrescences, the central plain, those on either side of it curling back and down, each bearing at its extremity a pad, the size of a small pin's head, outlined distinctly with a brown colour.

It is quite impossible to mistake these things; equally impossible, I hope, to misunderstand my description.

The pads are the male, the active organs.

But the column does not finish here.

It trends downward, behind and below the pads, and widens out, with an exquisitely graceful curve, into a disc one-quarter of an inch broad.

This is the female, the receptive part; but here we see the peculiarity of orchid structure.

For the upper surface of the disc is not susceptible; it is the under surface which must be impregnated, though the imagination cannot conceive a mere accident which would throw those fertilizing pads upon their destined receptacle.

They are loosely attached and adhesive, when separated, to a degree actually astonishing, as is the disc itself; but if it were possible to displace them by shaking, they could never fall where they ought.

Some outside impulse is needed to bring the parts together.

In their native home insects perform that service--sometimes.

Here we may take the first implement at hand, a knife, a bit of stick, a pencil.

We remove the pads, which yield at a touch, and cling to the object.

We lay them one by one on the receptive disc, where they seem to melt into the surface--and the trick is done.

Write out your label--_"Cyp.

Sanderianum × Cyp.

Godefroyæ_, Maynard."

Add the date, and leave Nature to her work.

She does not linger.

One may almost say that the disc begins to swell instantly.

That part which we term the column is the termination of the seed-purse, the ovary, which occupies an inch, or two, or three, of the stalk, behind the flower.

In a very few days its thickening becomes perceptible.

The unimpregnated bloom falls off at its appointed date, as everybody knows; but if fertilized it remains entire, saving the labellum, until the seed is ripe, perhaps half a year afterwards--but withered, of course.

Very singular and quite inexplicable are the developments that arise in different genera, or even species, after fertilization.

In the Warscewiczellas, for example, not the seed-purse only, but the whole column swells.

_Phaloenopsis Luddemanniana_ is specially remarkable.

Its exquisite bars and mottlings of rose, brown, and purple begin to take a greenish hue forthwith.

A few days later, the lip jerks itself off with a sudden movement, as observers declare.

Then the sepals and petals remaining take flesh, thicken and thicken, while the hues fade and the green encroaches, until, presently, they assume the likeness of a flower, abnormal in shape but perfect, of dense green wax.

This Cypripedium of ours will ripen its seed in about twelve months, more or less.

Then the capsule, two inches long and two-thirds of an inch diameter, will burst.

Mr. Maynard will cut it off, open it wide, and scatter the thousands of seeds therein, perhaps 150,000, over pots in which orchids are growing.

After experiments innumerable, this has been found the best course.

The particles, no bigger than a grain of dust, begin to swell at once, reach the size of a mustard-seed, and in five or six weeks--or as many months--they put out a tiny leaf, then a tiny root, presently another leaf, and in four or five years we may look for the hybridized flower.

Long before, naturally, they have been established in their own pots.

Strange incidents occur continually in this pursuit, as may be believed.

Nine years since, Mr. Godseff crossed _Catasetum macrocarpum_ with _Catasetum callosum_.

The seed ripened, and in due time it was sown; but none ever germinated in the proper place.

A long while afterwards Mr. Godseff remarked a tiny little green speck in a crevice above the door of this same house.

It grew and grew very fast, never receiving water unless by the rarest accident, until those experts could identify a healthy young Catasetum.

And there it has flourished ever since, receiving no attention; for it is the first rule in orchid culture to leave a plant to itself where it is doing well, no matter how strange the circumstances may appear to us.

This Catasetum, wafted by the wind, when the seed was sown, found conditions suitable where it lighted, and quickened, whilst all its fellows, carefully provided for, died without a sign.

It thrives upon the moisture of the house.

In a very few years it will flower.

In another case, when all hope of the germination of a quantity of seed had long been lost, it became necessary to take up the wooden trellis that formed the flooring of the path; a fine crop of young hybrids was discovered clinging to the under side.

The amateur who has followed us thus far with interest, may inquire how long it will be before he can reasonably expect to see the outcome of our proceedings?

In the first place, it must be noted that the time shortens continually as we gain experience.

The statements following I leave unaltered, because they are given by Messrs. Veitch, our oldest authority, in the last edition of their book.

But at the Temple Show this year Norman C. Cookson, Esq.

, exhibited _Catt.

William Murray_, offspring of _Catt.

Mendellii × Catt.

Lawrenceana_, a lovely flower which gained a first class certificate.

It was only four years old.

The quickest record as yet is _Calanthe Alexanderii_, with which Mr. Cookson won a first-class certificate of the Royal Horticultural Society.

It flowered within three years of fertilizing.

As a genus, perhaps, Dendrobiums are readiest to show.

Plants have actually been "pricked out" within two months of sowing, and they have bloomed within the fourth year.

Phajus and Calanthe rank next for rapid development.

Masdevallia, Chysis, and Cypripedium require four to five years, Lycaste seven to eight, Loelia and Cattleya ten to twelve.

These are Mr. Veitch's calculations in a rough way, but there are endless exceptions, of course.

Thus his _Loelia triophthalma_ flowered in its eighth season, whilst his _Loelia caloglossa_ delayed till its nineteenth.

The genus _Zygopetalum_, which plays odd tricks in hybridizing, as I have mentioned, is curious in this matter also.

_Z.

maxillare_ crossed with _Z.

Mackayi_ demands five years to bloom, but _vice versâ_ nine years.

There is a case somewhat similar, however, among the Cypripeds.

_C.

Schlimii_ crossed with _C.

longifolium_ flowers in four years, but _vice versâ_ in six.

It is not to be disputed, therefore, that the hybridizer's reward is rather slow in coming; the more earnestly should he take measures to ensure, so far as is possible, that it be worth waiting for.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 9: Mr. Cookson writes to me: "Give some of the credit to my present gardener, William Murray, who is entitled to a large proportion, at least."

] INDEX.

PAGE

Aerides Lawrenciæ 160 Angræcum arcuatum 134 " caudatum 135 " Duchailluianum 134 " Ellisii 135 " falcatum 133 " Kotschyi 135 " Leonis 135 " Sanderianum 134 " Scottianum 135 " sesquipedale (Æranthus sesquipedalis) 135 Anomatheca cruenta 11 Begonia coralina 195 Begonias 86 Brassias 207 Brassavola Digbyana 128 Bulbophyllum barbigerum 169 " Beccarii 169 " Dearei 170 " Godseffianum 170 " Lobbii 170 Bullthorn acacia 124 Calanthe Alexanderii 246 " Dominii 214 " Sedeni 215 " Veitchii 215 Catasetum barbatum 123 " Bungerothi (C. pileatum) 123 " callosum 123 " fimbriatum 123 Cattleya Acklandiæ 154 " amethystoglossa 154 " aurea 115 " Brymeriana 232 " Dowiana 115, 151 " Hardyana 118 " hybrida 214 " labiata 111 " Lawrenceana 92 " Mendellii 117 " " fly 117 " Mossiæ 111 " Sanderiana 118 " Skinneri alba 119 " superba 152 " Trianæ 111, 201 " violacea 110 Coelogene cristata 160 " Dayana 161 " pandurata 160 " Sanderiana 161 Cookson, Norman, Esq.

22433 Collectors:-- Arnold 27, 28, 70, 180, 181 Bartholomeus 122, 180 Bestwood 180 Chaillu, M. Du 134 Chesterton 180, 181 Clarke 181 Digance 181 Dressel 77 Endres 70 Ericksson 32, 33 Falkenberg 69 Forstermann 162 Gardner 174, 175, 181 Hartweg 67 Humblot 133 Kerbach 72, 180 Klaboch 70, 105, 180 Kromer 95, 98, 99 Lawrenceson 181 Micholitz 30, 31 Osmers 94, 181 Oversluys 163, 180 Roebelin 140, 160 Roezl 66, 75, 76, 105, 139, 204, 205 Schroeder 70 Seyler 100 Smith 180, 181 Steigfers 99 Swainson 173-175, 177, 179, 181 Wallace 35 Wallis 70 Weir 67 Cypripedium calceolus 82, 224, 225 " candidum 82 " Curtisi 32 " Fairieanum 223 " guttatum 82 " insigne 83, 84, 108 " macranthum 82 " niveum 85 " parviflorum 82 " planifolium 87 " pubescens 82 " purpuratum 223 " Sedeni 228 " spectabile 82 " Spicerianum 83, 85 " vexillarium 238 Cymbidium Lowianum 195 " Albertesii 131 Dendrobium atro-violaceum 131 " bigibbum 168 " Broomfieldianum 131 " Brymerianum 127 " Forstermanni 127 " Goldiei 130 " heterocarpum 230 " Johannis 168 " luteolum 195 " nobile nobilius 128 " " Cooksoni 129 " " Sanderianum 129 " phaloenopsis 168 " " Schroederianum 29 " rhodopterygium 127 " superbiens 168 " Wardianum 125 Disa Cooperi 166 " discolor 166 " grandiflora 165 " racemosa 165 Epidendrum bicornutum 40 " O'Brienianum 220 " prismatocarpum 167 " radicans 167 " Randii 152 " rhizophorum 167 Frogs, green, value of 13 Galleandra Devoniana 156 Grammatophyllum speciosum 171 " Measureseanum 171 " multiflorum 172 Hybridizing 210 Lycaste Skinneri 79-81, 206 " " alba 79, 81 " aromatica 80 " cruenta 81 Loelia anceps 109, 120, 122 " elegans 153 " Maynardii 218 " purpurata 153, 154 " guttata Leopoldi 152, 153, 154 " anceps alba 122 " " Amesiana 109 Masdevallia Livingstoniana 140 " Schlimii 76 " Tovarensis 27 Odontoglossum Alexandræ 39, 67, 71 " citrosmum 58 " grande 107 " Hallii 77 " Harryanum 75 " Hybrids 64, 78, 108, 231 " noeveum 77 " ramossissimum (coeleste) 34 " Roezlii (Miltonia Roezlii) 64 " Schlieperianum 107 " vexillarium (Miltonia vexillaria) 104 " Williamsi 107 Oncidium cibolletum 116 " crispum 47 " cucullatum 230 " fuscatum 90 " Jonesianum 116 " juncifolium 39 " Lanceanum 164 " luridum 39 " macranthum 88 " papilio 164 " sculptum 89 " serratum 89 " splendidum 162, 163 " superbiens 89 Peristeria elata 138 Phajus Cooksoni 219 " Humblotii 133 " irroratus 219 " purpureus 219 " tuberculosus 133 Phaloenopsis 54 " amabilis 158 " cornucervi 159 " F. L.

Ames 221 " Harriettæ 221 " intermedia 221 " Luddemanniana 244 " Manni 159 " Portei 159 " Sanderiana 159 " Schilleriana 158 " speciosa 157 " tetraspis 156 Renanthera coccinea 113, 146, 147 Roraima Mountain 77, 94 Schomburgkia tibicinis 124 Sobralias 196 Sophro-Cattleya Batemaniana 218 Thanatophore 92 Utricularia Campbelli 199 Vanda limbata 144 " Lowii 143, 148 " teres 143, 144 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOUT ORCHIDS ***

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