Iliad of Homer — 16 - Book the Sixteenth

Footnote 507: (return) _I.

e. _ befooled our senses, taking away our proper spirit.

So Theognισ has υοοῖ βεβλαμμένος ἐσθλοῦ.

BOOK THE SIXTEENTH.

ARGUMENT.

Patroclus at length obtains permission from Achilles, and enters the fight, on condition that he should return after liberating the Greeks from their immediate peril.

He comes opportunely to the assistance of Ajax, routs the Trojans, and kills Sarpedon, whose body, but without the armour, is rescued by Hector and Glaucus.

Forgetful of his promise to Achilles, Patroclus pursues the Trojans to their very walls.

He is driven back by Apollo, but slays the charioteer of Hector, Cebriones.

He is suddenly afflicted with stupor by Apollo, and dies by the hand of Hector, whose death he foretells.

Hector pursues Automedon with the chariot of Achilles towards the ships.

Thus, then, they were fighting for the well-benched ship.

But Patroclus stood beside Achilles, the shepherd of the people, shedding warm 508 tears; as a black-water fountain, which pours its sable tide down from a lofty rock.

But swift-footed noble Achilles, seeing, pitied him, and addressing him, spoke winged words: “Why weepest thou, O Patroclus, as an infant girl, who, running along with her mother, importunes to be taken up, catching her by the robe, and detains her hastening; and weeping, looks at her [mother] till she is taken up?

—like unto her, O Patroclus, dost thou shed the tender tear.

Dost thou bear any tidings to the Myrmidons, or to me myself?

Or hast thou alone heard any news from Phthia?

They say that, indeed, Menœtius, the son of Actor, still lives, and that Peleus, the son of Æacus, lives amongst the Myrmidons: for deeply should we lament for either of them dying.

Or dost thou mourn for the Greeks, because they thus perish at their hollow ships, on account of their injustice?

Speak out, nor conceal it in thy mind, that we both may know.

” Footnote 508: (return) Longus, iv.

7: Δάκρυα ἦν ἐπὶ τούτοις θερμότερα, which Mollus, referring to Homer, thus explains: “Lacrymæ, quæ ex magno impetu, et animi affectu quasi calido, neutiquam simulatæ prosiliebant.

” But deeply sighing, O knight Patroclus, him thou didst address: “O Achilles, son of Peleus, by far the bravest of the Greeks, be not indignant; since a grief so heavy does oppress the Greeks: for now all they, as many as were formerly most valiant, lie in the ships, wounded or stricken.

Brave Diomede, indeed, the son of Tydeus, is wounded, and spear-renowned Ulysses is stricken, as also Agamemnon; and Eurypylus is also wounded in the thigh with an arrow.

About these, indeed, physicians skilled in many remedies are employed healing their wounds: but thou, O Achilles, art inexorable.

Never may such anger seize me at least, as thee, O cruelly brave, dost preserve.

What other after-born man will be defended by thee, if thou will not avert unworthy ruin from the Greeks?

merciless one!

Certainly the knight Peleus was not thy father, nor Thetis thy mother; but the grey 509 Ocean produced thee, and the lofty rocks; for thy mind is cruel.

But if thou wouldst avoid any oracle in thy mind, and thy venerable mother has told any to thee from Jove, at least send me quickly, and at the same time give me the rest of the army of the Myrmidons, if perchance I may become any aid to the Greeks.

Grant me also to be armed on my shoulders with thy armour, if perchance the Trojans, likening me to thee, may cease from battle, and the warlike sons of the Greeks, now fatigued, breathe again; and there be a short respite from war.

510 But we [who are] fresh, can easily repulse men worn out with battle from our ships and tents towards the city.

” Footnote 509: (return) Alluding to the colour of the ocean when ruffled by a storm.

With the following passage compare Theocrit.

iii.

15, sqq.

; Eurip.

Bacch.

971, sqq.

; Virg.

Æn. iv.

365, sqq.

; Eψl. viii.

43, sqq.

, with Macrob.

Sat.

v.

11. Footnote 510: (return) Cf.

xi.

800, with the note.

Thus he spoke, supplicating, very rash; for, assuredly, he was about to supplicate for himself evil death and fate.

Whom, deeply sighing, swift-footed Achilles addressed: “Alas!

most noble Patroclus, what hast thou said?

I neither regard any oracle which I have heard, nor has my venerable mother told anything to me from Jove.

But this bitter grief comes upon my heart and soul, when a man who excels in power, wishes to deprive his equal 511 of his portion, and to take back his reward because he excels in power.

” Footnote 511: (return) _I.

e. _ in dignity.

“This to me is a bitter grief, since I have suffered sorrows in my mind.

The maid whom the sons of the Greeks selected as a reward for me, and [whom] I won by my spear, having sacked a well-fortified city, her has king Agamemnon, son of Atreus, taken back out of my hands, as from some dishonoured alien.

But we shall allow these things to be among the things that were; 512 nor is it right, indeed, to be continually enraged in one’s mind.

Certainly I affirmed that I would not put a stop to my wrath, before that clamour and war should reach my ships.

But do thou put on thy shoulders my famous armour, and lead on the war-loving Myrmidons to battle; since now a black cloud of Trojans hath strongly surrounded the ships, and the Greeks are hemmed in by the shore of the sea, possessing now but a small portion of land.

And the whole city of the Trojans has rushed on, confident, because they behold not the front of my helmet gleaming near.

Certainly, quickly flying, would they have filled the trenches with their bodies, if king Agamemnon had known mildness to me: but now they are fighting around the army.

For the spear does not rage in the hands of Diomede, the son of Tydeus, to avert destruction from the Greeks: nor do I at all hear the voice of Agamemnon shouting from his odious head; but [the voice] of man-slaughtering Hector, animating the Trojans, resounds: whilst they with a shout possess the whole plain, conquering the Greeks in battle.

Yet even thus, Patroclus, do thou fall on them bravely, warding off destruction from the ships; nor let them consume the vessels with blazing fire, and cut off thy own return.

But obey, as I shall lay the sum of my advice in thy mind, in order that thou mayest obtain for me great honour and glory from all the Greeks; and they may send back to me the beautiful maid, and afford [me] besides rich presents.

Having repulsed the enemy from the ships, return back: and if, indeed, the loud-thundering husband of Juno permit thee to obtain glory, do not be desirous of fighting with the warlike Trojans apart from me; for thou wouldst render me more dishonoured; nor, exulting in the battle and havoc, lead on as far as Ilium, slaughtering the Trojans, lest some of the immortal gods come down from Olympus [against thee]; for far-darting Apollo greatly loves them.

But return after thou hast given safety to the ships, and allow the others to contend through the plain.

For would that, O father Jove, Minerva, and Apollo, not one of the Trojans, as many as there are, may escape death, nor any of the Greeks: whilst to us two it [may be granted] to avoid destruction, that we alone might overthrow the sacred bulwarks of Troy.

” Footnote 512: (return) _I.

e. _ “Let bygones be bygones.

”—Dublin Ed.

Thus they indeed discussed these matters with each other.

But Ajax no longer remained firm, 513 for he was pressed hard with weapons; because the counsel of Jove overpowered him, and the fierce Trojans hurling.

And a dreadful clang did his glittering helmet round his temples emit, being struck, and he was constantly smitten upon the well-made studs of his casque.

He was fatigued in the left shoulder, by always firmly holding his moveable shield; nor could they, pressing him all around with their weapons, drive him [from his place].

Unceasingly afflicted was he with severe panting, and everywhere from his limbs poured copious perspiration, nor was he able to respire; for everywhere evil was heaped upon evil.

Footnote 513: (return) Compare the splendid description in Ennius apud Macrob.

Sat.

vi.

3:— Undique conveniunt, vel imber, tela Tribuno.

Configunt parmam, tinnit hastilibus umbo, Æratæ sonitant galeæ: sed nec pote quisquam Undique nitendo corpus discerpere ferro.

Semper abundanteis hastas frangitque, quatitque, Totum sudor habet corpus, multumque laborat: Nec respirandi fit copia præpete ferro.

Cf.

Virg.

Æn. ix.

806, sqq.

; Stat.

Theb.

ii.

668, sqq.

Declare now to me, ye Muses, possessing Olympic habitations, how first the fire fell upon the ships of the Greeks!

Hector, standing near, struck the ashen spear of Ajax with his great sword, at the socket of the blade behind, and cut it quite off;

Telamonian Ajax indeed vainly brandished the mutilated spear in his hand; but the brazen blade rang, falling upon the earth at a distance from him.

Then Ajax knew in his blameless soul, and shuddered at the deeds of the gods; because the lofty thundering Jove cut off his plans of war, and willed the victory to the Trojans.

Wherefore he retired out of the reach of the weapons, and they hurled the indefatigable fire at the swift ships, the inextinguishable flame of which was immediately diffused around.

Thus indeed the flame surrounded the stern; but Achilles, smiting his thighs, addressed Patroclus: “Haste, O most noble steed-directing Patroclus (I perceive, indeed, the fury of the hostile fire at the ships), lest they now take the vessels, and there be not an opportunity of flying; put on thy armour very quickly, and I shall assemble the forces.

” Thus he spoke; but Patroclus armed himself in glittering brass.

First, indeed, he put the beautiful greaves around his legs, fitted with clasps; next he placed the corslet of the swift-footed descendant of Æacus upon his breast, variegated, and studded with stars; and suspended from his shoulders his silver-studded sword, brazen, and then the great and sturdy shield.

But upon his gallant head he placed the well-made helmet, crested with horse-hair; and dreadfully the plume nodded from above.

He took besides two strong spears, which well fitted his hands; but the spear alone of blameless Æacides, ponderous, large, and strong, he did not take; which, indeed, no other of the Greeks could brandish, but Achilles alone knew how to wield it; a Pelian ash which Chiron had given to his sire, [cut] from the tops of Pelion, about to be death to heroes.

He also commanded Automedon quickly to yoke the steeds, whom, next to rank-breaking Achilles, he most honoured, because he was most faithful to him in battle, to stand the charge.

Wherefore Automedon yoked the fleet horses, Xanthus and Balius, which kept pace with the winds.

Them the Harpy Podargé bore to Zephyrus, the wind, while feeding in the meadows by the stream of Oceanus.

And in the outer harness he fastened illustrious Pedasus, whom Achilles led away long since, having sacked the city of Eëtion; and which [steed], though being mortal, accompanied immortal steeds.

But Achilles, going about, armed all the Myrmidons through the tents with their armour; but they, like carnivorous wolves, in whose hearts is immense strength, and which, having slain a great horned stag in the mountains, tearing, devour it; but the jaws of all are red with blood: and then they rush in a pack, lapping with slender tongues the surface of the dark water from a black-water fountain, vomiting forth clots of blood; but the courage in their breasts is dauntless, and their stomach is distended: so rushed the leaders and chiefs of the Myrmidons round the brave attendant of swift-footed Æacides, and amongst them stood warlike Achilles, animating both the steeds and the shield-bearing warriors.

Fifty were the swift galleys which Achilles, dear to Jove, led to Troy;

and in each were fifty men, companions at the benches.

But he had appointed five leaders, in whom he put trust, to command them; and he himself, being very powerful, governed.

One troop indeed Menesthius, with flexible corslet, commanded, the son of Sperchius, a Jove-descended river; whom the daughter of Peleus, fair Polydora, bore to indefatigable Sperchius, a woman having been embraced by a god;

although, according to report, to Borus, son of Perieres, who openly espoused her, giving infinite marriage gifts.

But warlike Eudorus commanded another [company], clandestinely begotten, whom Polymela, the daughter of Phylas, graceful in the dance, bore.

Her the powerful slayer of Argus 514 loved, beholding her with his eyes among the dancers at a choir of golden-bowed Diana, huntress-maid; and immediately ascending to an upper chamber, pacific Mercury secretly lay with her: whence she bore to him a son, Eudorus, swift to run, and also a warrior.

But after that birth-presiding Ilithyia had brought him into light, and he beheld the splendour of the sun, the mighty strength of Echecleus, son of Actor, led her to his house when he had given innumerable marriage-gifts; whilst aged Phylas carefully nurtured and educated him, tenderly loving him, as if being his own son.

The third, warlike Pisander led, the son of Mæmalus, who, after the companion of the son of Peleus, surpassed all the Myrmidons in fighting with the spear.

The fourth, the aged knight Phœnix commanded; and Alcimedon, the illustrious son of Laërceus, the fifth.

But when Achilles, marshalling them well, had placed all with their leaders, he enjoined this strict command: “Ye Myrmidons, let none of you be forgetful of the threats with which, at the swift ships, ye did threaten the Trojans, during all my indignation, and blamed me, each of you [in this manner]: ‘O cruel son of Peleus!

surely thy mother nurtured thee in wrath: relentless!

thou who at the ships detainest thy companions against their will.

Let us at least return home again in our sea-traversing barks, since pernicious wrath has thus fallen upon thy mind.

’ These things ye frequently said to me, when assembled; and now the great task of war appears, of which ye were hitherto desirous.

Let each one here, having a valiant heart, fight against the Trojans.

” Footnote 514: (return) Mercury.

Thus speaking, he aroused the might and spirit of each, and their ranks were condensed the more when they heard the king.

As when a man constructs the wall of a lofty mansion with closely-joined stones, guarding against the violence of the winds, so closely were their helmets and bossed shields linked: then shield pressed upon shield, helmet upon helmet, and man upon man; and the horse-hair crests upon the shining cones of [their helmets] nodding, touched each other; so close stood they to each other.

Before all were armed two warriors.

Patroclus and Automedon, having one mind, to fight in the front of the Myrmidons.

But Achilles hastened to go into his tent; and he opened the lid of a chest, beautiful, variously adorned, which silver-footed Thetis placed, to be carried in his ship, having filled it well with garments, and wind-resisting cloaks, and napped tapestry.

And in it was a cup curiously wrought, nor did any other of men drink dark wine from it, nor did he pour out [from it] libations to any of the gods, except to father Jove.

This then, taking from the coffer, he first purified with sulphur, and then washed in a crystal rivulet of water; but he himself washed his hands, and drew off the dark wine.

Next, standing in the middle of the area, he prayed, and offered a libation of wine, looking up to heaven; nor did he escape the notice of thunder-rejoicing Jove: “O king Jove, Dodonean, Pelasgian, dwelling afar off, presiding over wintry Dodona; but around dwell thy priests, the Selli, with unwashed feet, and sleeping upon the ground; certainly thou didst formerly hear my voice when praying: thou hast honoured me, and hast greatly injured the people of the Greeks; wherefore now also accomplish this additional request for me; for I myself will remain in the assemblage 515 of ships, but I am sending forth my companion with the numerous Myrmidons to battle; along with him, do thou send forth glory, O far-sounding Jove!

embolden his heart within his breast, that even Hector may know whether my attendant, even when alone, knows how to wage war, or [only] when these invincible hands rage with him, when I likewise go forth to the slaughter of Mars.

But after he has repelled the contest and the tumult from the ships, unscathed let him return to me, to the swift barks, with all his armour and his close-fighting companions.

” Footnote 515: (return) So θεῖον ἀγῶνα, vi.

298. The Scholiast interprets it ἐν ναυστάθμῳ.

Thus he spoke, praying; and provident Jove heard him.

One part indeed the Sire granted him, but refused the other.

He granted that he should repel the conflict and tumult from the ships, but he refused that he should return safe from the battle.

He, on his part, having made a libation and prayed to father Jove, again entered his tent, and replaced the cup in the chest.

Then coming out, he stood before the tent, for he still wished in his mind to behold the grievous conflict of Trojans and Greeks.

But those that were armed at the same time with magnanimous Patroclus, marched orderly, till they rushed upon the Trojans, with high hopes.

Immediately they were poured out, like unto wasps dwelling by the road-side, which silly boys are wont to irritate, incessantly harassing them, possessing cells by the way-side; and cause a common evil to many.

And if by chance any traveller, passing by, unintentionally disturb them, then they, possessing a valiant heart, all fly forth, and fight for their young.

The Myrmidons then, having the heart and courage of these, poured out from the ships, and an inextinguishable tumult arose.

But Patroclus cheered on his companions, loudly shouting: “Ye Myrmidons, companions of Achilles, the son of Peleus, be men, my friends, and be mindful of impetuous valour; that we, his close-fighting servants, may honour the son of Peleus, who is by far the bravest of the Greeks at the ships; and that the son of Atreus, wide-ruling Agamemnon, may know his fault, that he nothing honoured the bravest of the Greeks.

” Thus speaking, he aroused the might and spirits of each: and in dense array they fell upon the Trojans: but the ships re-echoed dreadfully around from the Greeks shouting.

But the Trojans, when they beheld the brave son of Menœtius, himself and his attendant glittering in arms, the mind to all of them was disturbed, and the phalanxes were deranged, deeming that the swift-footed son of Peleus at the ships had cast away his wrath, and resumed friendship: then each one gazed about where he might escape utter destruction.

But Patroclus first took aim with his shining spear from the opposite side right into the midst, where they were huddled together in greatest numbers at the stern of the ship of magnanimous Protesilaus, and wounded Pyræchmes, who led the Pæonian equestrian warriors from Amydon, from the wide-flowing Axius.

Him he smote upon the right shoulder, and he fell on his back in the dust groaning; but the Pæonians, his companions, were put to flight around him, for Patroclus caused fear to them all, having slain their leader, who was very brave to fight.

And he drove them from the ships, and extinguished the blazing fire.

But the ship was left there half-burnt, whilst the Trojans were routed with a prodigious tumult: and the Greeks were poured forth amongst the hollow ships; and mighty confusion was created.

And as when, from the lofty summit of a great mountain, 516 lightning-driving Jove dislodges a dense cloud, and all the eminences and highest ridges and glens appear, whilst the boundless æther is burst open 517 throughout the heaven; so the Greeks respired for a little, having repelled the hostile fire from their vessels.

But of battle there was no cessation: for the Trojans were by no means yet totally routed from the black ships by the warlike Greeks, but still resisted, and retreated from the ships from necessity.

Then of the generals, man slew man, the fight being scattered; and first, the brave son of Menœtius forthwith with his sharp spear smote the thigh of Areïlochus when turned about, and drove the brass quite through: but the spear broke the bone, and he fell prone upon the earth.

But warlike Menelaus then wounded Thoas in the breast, exposed near the shield, and relaxed his limbs.

But Phylides, perceiving Amphiclus rushing against him, anticipated him, taking aim at the extremity of his leg, where the calf of a man is thickest; the tendons were severed all round 518 by the point of the spear, and darkness overshadowed his eyes.

Then the sons of Nestor, the one, Antilochus, struck Atymnius with his sharp spear, and drove the brazen lance through his flank; and he fell before him: but Maris, standing before the carcase, rushed upon Antilochus hand to hand with his spear, enraged on account of his brother; but godlike Thrasymedes, taking aim, anticipated him before he had wounded [Antilochus], nor did he miss him, [but wounded him] immediately near the shoulder; and the point of the spear cut off the extremity of the arm from the muscles, and completely tore away the bone.

Falling, he made a crash, and darkness veiled his eyes.

Thus to Erebus went these two, subdued by two brothers, the brave companions of Sarpedon, the spear-renowned sons of Amisodarus, who nourished the invincible 519 Chimæra, a destruction to many men.

But Ajax, the son of Oïleus, rushing upon Cleobulus, took him alive, impeded in the crowd; and there relaxed his strength, striking him upon the neck with his hilted sword.

And the whole sword was warmed over with blood, and purple 520 death and stern fate possessed his eyes.

Footnote 516: (return) Milton, P. L.

ii.

488:— “As when from mountain tops the dusky clouds Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o’er-spread Heav’n’s cheerful face, the louring element Scowls o’er the darkened landskip snow, or shower;

If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet Extend his evening beam, the fields revive, The birds their notes renew and bleating herds Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings.

” Footnote 517: (return) Virg.

Æn. i.

591:— “Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente Scindit se nubes, et in æthera purgat apertum.

” Cf.

Drakenb.

on Silius, iii.

196; Kuinoel on Matth.

iii.

16; Acts vii.

55. Footnote 518: (return) Heyne would construe αἰχμῇ with περὶ, referring to viii.

86; xiii.

441, 570; Pind.

Nem.

viii.

40. Footnote 519: (return) On the adjective ἀμαιμακέτην, see intpp.

on Soph.

Œd. R.

176; Œd. Col. 127. Footnote 520: (return) _I.

e. _ “atra mors,” Tibull.

i.

3, 5. Cf.

vs. 370: Θανάτου μέλαν νέφος.

Then Peneleus and Lycon engaged in close combat, for they had missed each other with their spears, and both had hurled in vain; 521 therefore they ran on again with their swords; then Lycon on his part struck the cone of the horse-hair-crested helmet, and the sword was broken at the hilt.

Footnote 521: (return) On μέλεος see Kennedy.

Suidas: Ὁ μὲν οιητὴς (_i.

e. _ Homer) ἐπὶ τοῦ ματαίου ἐνδέχεται τὸ Μέλεος οἱ δὲ τραγικοὶ, ἐπὶ τοῦ οἰκτροῦ· So Hesych.

μέλεος’ μάταιος.

But Peneleus smote him in the neck below the ear, and the whole sword entered, and the skin alone retained it: the head hung down, and his limbs were relaxed.

Meriones also, overtaking him with rapid feet, wounded Acamas in the right shoulder, as he was about to ascend his chariot; and he fell from his chariot, and darkness was poured over his eyes.

But Idomeneus struck Erymas in the mouth with the pitiless brass; and the brazen weapon passed right through from the opposite side down under the brain, and then cleft the white bones.

And his teeth were dashed out, and both eyes were filled with gore, which, gaping, he forced 522 out from his mouth and from his nostrils; and the black cloud of death enveloped him.

Thus these leaders of the Greeks slew each a man.

And as destructive wolves impetuously rush on lambs or kids, snatching them from the flocks, which are dispersed upon the mountains by the negligence of the shepherd; but they, perceiving them, immediately tear in pieces them, having an unwarlike heart: so did the Greeks rush upon the Trojans, but they were mindful of dire-sounding flight, and forgot resolute valour.

But mighty Ajax ever longed to aim his javelin at brazen-armed Hector; but he, from his skill in war, covering himself as to his broad shoulders with a bull’s-hide shield, watched the hissing of the arrows and the whizzing of the javelins.

Already indeed he knew the victory of battle was inclining to the other side; yet even thus he remained, and saved his beloved companions.

Footnote 522: (return) Made to rush with a bubbling noise, the verb here “expressing the _violent streaming_ of a liquid.

” See Buttm.

Lexil.

p. 484; and compare my note on Æsch.

Ag.

p. 137, n. 2, ed.

Bohn.

And as when from Olympus comes a cloud into heaven, 523 after a clear sky, when Jove stretches forth a whirlwind, thus was the clamour and rout of those [flying] from the ships.

Nor did they repass [the trench] in seemly plight, but his fleet-footed steeds bore away Hector with his arms; and he deserted the Trojan people, whom against their will the deep trench detained.

And many fleet car-drawing steeds left in the foss the chariots of their masters, broken at the extremity of the pole.

But Patroclus pursued, vehemently cheering on 524 the Greeks, and devising destruction for the Trojans; but they, with clamour and rout, filled all the ways after they were dispersed.

A storm [of dust] was tossed up beneath the clouds, and the solid-hoofed horses pressed back towards the city, from the ships and tents.

But Patroclus, wherever he perceived the army in greatest confusion, thither directed [his steeds], exclaiming in a threatening manner; whilst beneath his axles men fell prone from their chariots, and the chariots were overturned.

Then, from the opposite side, the fleet immortal steeds, which the gods had given as splendid presents to Peleus, eagerly pressing on, bounded quite across the trench; for his mind urged him against Hector, for he longed to strike him, but his swift horses kept bearing him away.

Footnote 523: (return) Heaven is here distinguished from Olympus, as in i. 597, and Tibull.

iv.

i.

131:— “Jupiter ipse levi vectus per inania curru Adfuit, et cœlo vicinum liquit Olympum.

” Footnote 524: (return) From this sense of κελεύω arises its nautical meaning, also κελευστὴς, the man who gives the signal and cheers on the rowers.

See Mollus on Long.

Past.

iii.

14. So Athenæus, xii.

p. 535: Χρυσόγονος μὲν ἤυλει τὸ τριηρικόν.

Καλλιπίδης δὲ ὁ τραγῳδὸς ἐκέλευε.

And as beneath a whirlwind the whole dark earth is oppressed on an autumnal day, when Jove pours forth his most violent stream; when, forsooth, enraged he gives vent to his wrath against men, who by violence decree perverse judgments in the assembly, and drive out justice, not regarding the vengeance of the gods; and all their rivers are flooded as they flow, and the torrents sever asunder many mountains, and flowing headlong into the dark sea, roar mightily, and the husbandry-works 525 of men are diminished; so loudly moaned the Trojan mares running along.

But Patroclus, when he had cut off the first phalanxes, drove them back again towards the ships, and did not permit them, desiring it, to ascend towards the city; but, pressing on, he slew them between the ships, and the river, and the lofty wall, and he exacted revenge for many.

Then indeed he smote with his shining spear Pronous first, bared as to his breast beside the shield, and relaxed his limbs: and falling, he gave a crash.

But next, attacking Thestor, son of Enops (who indeed sat huddled in his well-polished chariot, for he was panic-struck in his mind, and the reins had then dropped from his hands), he standing near, smote him with his spear on the right cheek, and drove it through his teeth.

Then catching the spear, he dragged him over the rim [of the chariot]; as when a man, sitting upon a jutting rock, [draws] with a line and shining brass 526 a large fish entirely out of the sea; so he dragged from his chariot with his shining spear, him gaping.

Then he hurled him upon his mouth, and life left him as he fell.

Then next he struck with a stone on the middle of the head, Eryalus, rushing against him, and it was totally split asunder into two parts in his strong helmet.

He therefore fell prone upon the earth, and fatal death was diffused around him.

Afterwards Erymas, and Amphoterus, Epaltes, and Tlepolemus, son of Damastor, Echius and Pyris, Icheus, Euïppus, and Polymelus, son of Argeus, all one over the other he heaped upon the fertile earth.

Footnote 525: (return) For this agricultural use of ἔργα cf.

Oppian, Cyn.

ii.

151: άντη δ’ ἔργα βοῶν.

Nicander, Ther.

473: ἔργα νομέων.

Virg.

Georg.

i.

325: “Et pluvia ingenti sata læta, boumque labores diluit.

” Footnote 526: (return) _I.

e. _ the hook.

So “ære, the brass cutwater,” Virg.

Æn. i.

35. But when Sarpedon perceived his loose-girt 527 companions subdued by the hands of Patroclus, the son of Menœtius, exhorting, he shouted to the godlike Lycians: “Oh shame!

Lycians, where do ye fly?

528 Now be strenuous: for I will oppose this man, that I may know who he is who is victorious: and certainly he has done many evils to the Trojans, since he has relaxed the limbs of many and brave men.

” He spoke, and leaped from his chariot with his armour to the ground;

but Patroclus, on the other side, when he beheld him, sprang from his car.

Then they, as bent-taloned, crook-beaked vultures, loudly screaming, fight upon a lofty rock, so they, shouting, rushed against each other.

But the son of the wily Saturn, beholding them, felt compassion, and addressed Juno, his sister and wife: 529 “O woe is me, because it is fated that Sarpedon, most dear to me of men, shall be subdued by Patroclus, the son of Menœtius.

But to me, revolving it in my mind, my heart is impelled with a twofold anxiety, 530 either that having snatched him alive from the mournful battle, I may place him among the rich people of Lycia, or now subdue him beneath the hands of the son of Menœtius.

” Footnote 527: (return) Τοὺς μὴ ὑποζωννυμένους μίτρας τοῖς χιτῶσιν.

—Eustath.

Footnote 528: (return) Tzetzes on Hesiod, Opp.

184, reads ἐστόν, observing that it is τὸ δυϊκὸν ἀντὶ τοῦ πληθυντικοῦ.

Footnote 529: (return) Virg.

Æn. i.

50: “Jovisque et soror et conjux.

” Hor.

Od.

iii.

3, 64: “Conjuge me Jovis et sorore.

” Aθson.

343, 4: “Et soror et conjux fratris regina dearum.

” Footnote 530: (return) Cf.

Virg.

Æn. iv.

285:— “Atque animum nunc huc celerem, nune dividit illuc, In partesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat.

” x.

680. Ter.

Andr.

i.

5, 25. Ovid, Met.

vii.

19; x. 373. Plato, Rep. iii.

p. 433, B.

ed.

Læm. finds great fault with Homer for thus debasing the character of Jove.

His remarks are reiterated by Clemens Alexandr.

Protr.

p. 16, 50, and Minucius Felix, § 22. Then the large-eyed, venerable Juno answered: “Most dread son of Saturn, what a word hast thou spoken?

Whether dost thou wish to liberate from sad death a mortal man long since doomed to fate?

Do so;

but all we, the other gods, will not assent to it.

But another thing I will tell thee, and do thou revolve it in thy mind.

If indeed thou sendest this Sarpedon safe home, reflect whether some other of the gods may not also wish to send his beloved son [safe home] from the violent conflict; for many sons of immortals fight round the great city of Priam, upon whom thou wilt bring heavy wrath.

If, however, he be dear to thee, and thy heart pities him, let him indeed be subdued in the violent conflict, beneath the hands of Patroclus, the son of Menœtius: but when his spirit and life shall have left him, send death and sweet sleep to bear him until they reach the people of expansive Lycia.

There will his brethren and friends perform his obsequies with a tomb and a pillar; for this is the honour of the dead.

” Thus she spoke, nor did the father of gods and men disobey; but he poured down upon the earth bloody dew-drops, 531 honouring his beloved son, whom Patroclus was about to slay in fertile-soiled Troy, far away from his native land.

Footnote 531: (return) There is a similar prodigy in Hesiod, Scut.

Here.

384: Κάδδ’ ἄρ’ ἀπ’ ουρανόθεν ψιάδας βάλεν αἱματοέσσας, Σῆμα τιθεὶς πολέμοιο ἑῷ μεγαθαρσέϊ παιδί.

Tzetzes there refers to the present passage, regarding it as ominous of the death of Sarpedon.

Cf.