Tolstoy on Shakespeare — Part 2, chapter 2

"Who art thou ...

With thy faint sneer for him who wins thee bread And him who clothes thee, and for him who toils Day-long and night-long dark in the earth for thee?"

LETTER FROM MR.

G.

BERNARD SHAW

(Extracts) As you know, I have striven hard to open English eyes to the emptiness of Shakespeare's philosophy, to the superficiality and second-handedness of his morality, to his weakness and incoherence as a thinker, to his snobbery, his vulgar prejudices, his ignorance, his disqualifications of all sorts for the philosophic eminence claimed for him....

The preface to my "Three Plays for Puritans" contains a section headed "Better than Shakespeare?"

which is, I think, the only utterance of mine on the subject to be found in a book....

There is at present in the press a new preface to an old novel of mine called "The Irrational Knot."

In that preface I define the first order in Literature as consisting of those works in which the author, instead of accepting the current morality and religion ready-made without any question as to their validity, writes from an original moral standpoint of his own, thereby making his book an original contribution to morals, religion, and sociology, as well as to _belles letters_.

I place Shakespeare with Dickens, Scott, Dumas pere, etc. , in the second order, because, tho they are enormously entertaining, their morality is ready-made; and I point out that the one play, "Hamlet," in which Shakespeare made an attempt to give as a hero one who was dissatisfied with the ready-made morality, is the one which has given the highest impression of his genius, altho Hamlet's revolt is unskillfully and inconclusively suggested and not worked out with any philosophic competence.

[4] May I suggest that you should be careful not to imply that Tolstoy's great Shakespearian heresy has no other support than mine.

The preface of Nicholas Rowe to his edition of Shakespeare, and the various prefaces of Dr. Johnson contain, on Rowe's part, an apology for him as a writer with obvious and admitted shortcomings (very ridiculously ascribed by Rowe to his working by "a mere light of nature"), and, on Johnson's, a good deal of downright hard-hitting criticism.

You should also look up the history of the Ireland forgeries, unless, as is very probable, Tolstoy has anticipated you in this.

Among nineteenth-century poets Byron and William Morris saw clearly that Shakespeare was enormously overrated intellectually.

A French book, which has been translated into English, has appeared within the last ten years, giving Napoleon's opinions of the drama.

His insistence on the superiority of Corneille to Shakespeare on the ground of Corneille's power of grasping a political situation, and of seeing men in their relation to the state, is interesting.

Of course you know about Voltaire's criticisms, which are the more noteworthy because Voltaire began with an extravagant admiration for Shakespeare, and got more and more bitter against him as he grew older and less disposed to accept artistic merit as a cover for philosophic deficiencies.

Finally, I, for one, shall value Tolstoy's criticism all the more because it is criticism of a foreigner who can not possibly be enchanted by the mere word-music which makes Shakespeare so irresistible in England.

[5] In Tolstoy's estimation, Shakespeare must fall or stand as a thinker, in which capacity I do not think he will stand a moment's examination from so tremendously keen a critic and religious realist.

Unfortunately, the English worship their great artists quite indiscriminately and abjectly; so that is quite impossible to make them understand that Shakespeare's extraordinary literary power, his fun, his mimicry, and the endearing qualities that earned him the title of "the gentle Shakespeare"--all of which, whatever Tolstoy may say, are quite unquestionable facts--do not stand or fall with his absurd reputation as a thinker.

Tolstoy will certainly treat that side of his reputation with the severity it deserves; and you will find that the English press will instantly announce that Tolstoy considers his own works greater than Shakespeare's (which in some respects they most certainly are, by the way), and that he has attempted to stigmatize our greatest poet as a liar, a thief, a forger, a murderer, an incendiary, a drunkard, a libertine, a fool, a madman, a coward, a vagabond, and even a man of questionable gentility.

You must not be surprised or indignant at this: it is what is called "dramatic criticism" in England and America.

Only a few of the best of our journalist-critics will say anything worth reading on the subject.

Yours faithfully, G.

BERNARD SHAW.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] Besides the prefaces here referred to, Mr. G.

Bernard Shaw has at various times written other articles on the subject.

--(V.

T.

) [5] It should be borne in mind that this letter was written before Mr. G.

B.

Shaw had seen the essay in question, by Tolstoy, now published in this volume.

--(V.

T.

) "No one will peruse a page without laying down the book a better and a wiser man."

--_Dundee Courier.

_ Tolstoy's Essays and Letters By LEO TOLSTOY Translated by AYLMER MAUDE This work contains twenty-six essays and letters (many published for the first time) belonging to the last fifteen years of Tolstoy's career, the period in which he has devoted himself exclusively to humanitarian labors.

Therefore each has a definite altruistic purpose.

In the letters in particular we have, in the words of the translator, "Tolstoy's opinions in application to certain definite conditions.

They thus help to bridge the gulf between theory and practise."

HIGHLY COMMENDED

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It also includes a complete annotated and chronological list of Tolstoy's works of special helpfulness to all readers and students of the great Russian writer.

LIST OF THE PLAYS

=The Power of Darkness=; or, If a Claw is Caught the Bird is Lost--A drama in five acts.

=The First Distiller=--A comedy in six acts.

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INCLUDING ALSO

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"Students of the master will find this little book indispensable."

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_ Tolstoy and His Problems Essays by AYLMER MAUDE Each essay in this volume expresses, in one form or other, Tolstoy's views of life; and the main object of the book is not to praise his views, but to explain them.

Being the only Englishman who in recent years has had the advantage of intimate personal intercourse, continued over a period of some years, with Tolstoy, Mr. Maude is well qualified for his present work.

CONTENTS

Biography of Tolstoy | Introduction to "The Slavery Tolstoy's Teachings | of Our Times" An Introduction to "What | The Tsar's Coronation Is Art?"

| Right and Wrong How "Resurrection" Was | War and Patriotism Written | Talks With Tolstoy "Any one who takes up this delightful series of essays will not willingly lay it down without at least the determination to finish it."

--_British Friend.

_ "Mr. Maude's long and intimate acquaintance with Tolstoy enables him to speak with knowledge probably not possessed by any other Englishman."

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_ 12mo, Cloth, 220 pages.

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By LEO TOLSTOY A new translation by Louise and Aylmer Maude, specially approved by the author.

This book relates the author's own experiences, sensations, and reflections during the most noted siege of modern history.

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"No other modern book approaches 'Sevastopol' in the completeness and directness with which it unveils the realities of war.

There are picturesque glimpses in Mr. Kipling's vulgar stories of fighting.

But the strongest meat Mr. Kipling can provide is milk for babes beside Count Tolstoy's seemingly casual sketches, which yet comprehend with merciless amplitude the whole atmosphere of war."

--_The Morning Leader_, London.

What Count Tolstoy Says of the Translators and Translation "Better translators, both for knowledge of the two languages and for penetration into the very meaning of the matter translated, could not be invented."

Of their translation of Sevastopol, Tolstoy also says: "I think I already wrote you how unusually the first volume of your edition pleases me.

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Handsomely printed on deckle-edge paper, gilt top, photogravure portrait of Tolstoy from a daguerreotype taken in 1855, map of Sevastopol; cover design in gold, extra-quality ribbed olive cloth, 325 + xlviii.

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_) FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers NEW YORK and LONDON * * * * * _Three New Stories by Count Leo Tolstoy, Written for the Benefit of the Kishinef Sufferers.

Publisher's and Author's Profits are to go to the Kishinef Relief Fund_ ESARHADDON

King of Assyria, and Other Stories _By_ COUNT LEO TOLSTOY _Translated by Louise and Aylmer Maude, with an Introduction Containing Letters by Tolstoy_ =Esarhaddon, King of Assyria.

= An allegorical story with an Oriental setting, telling how a cruel king was made to feel and understand the sufferings of one of his captives, and to repent his own cruelty.

=Work, Death, and Sickness.

= A legend accredited to the South American Indians, showing the three means God took to make men more kind and brotherly toward each other.

=Three Questions.

= A quaint folk-lore tale answering the three questions of life: "What is the Best Time?"

"Who Are the Most Important Persons?"

"What Thing Should be Done First?"

OPINION OF THE PRESS

_St.

Louis Globe-Democrat_: "Count Tolstoy is a man so sure of his message and so clear about it that he always finds something worth while to say....

There is a quality in the little tales published under the title 'Esarhaddon' which is quickly suggestive of certain Biblical narratives.

There is one called 'Three Questions,' which contains, in half a dozen pages, an entire philosophy of life, and it is presented in such apt pictures and ideas that its meaning is not to be overlooked.

It would be hard to suggest anything that could be read in five minutes that would impart so much to think about.

'Esarhaddon,' the sketch from which the volume takes its name, is of the same character, and the third tale, 'Work, Death, and Sickness,' is full of very fine thought.

There is, perhaps, no writer working to-day whose mind is centered on broader and better things than the Russian master, and the present offering shows him at his very best."

"Hour-Glass Stories."

Dainty 12mo, Cloth, Frontispiece, Ornamental Cover, 40 cents, Postpaid FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers NEW YORK and LONDON * * * * * What Is Art?

Translated from the Original Manuscript, with an Introduction by AYLMER MAUDE Art is a human activity, declares Tolstoy.

The object of this activity is to transmit to others feelings the artist has experienced.

By certain external signs--movements, lines, colors, sounds or arrangements of words--an artist infects other people so that they share his feelings; thus, "art is a means of union among men, joining them together in the same feeling."

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_ "No recent book on the subject is so novel, so readable, or so questionable."

--_New York Times Saturday Review.

_ Small 12mo, Cloth, 268 pp. 80 cts.

, post-paid FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers NEW YORK and LONDON * * * * * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Notes: | | | | Page 7: Double quotes inside double quotes in Hallam | | quotation replaced with single quotes.

| | Page 9: Closing quotes moved from after "says Brandes" to | | follow "...

at the sight."

| | Page 20: strangset amended to strangest | | Page 56: insteading amended to instead | | Page 72: be amended to he ("he begins") | | Page 80: "...

the then fashionable euphemism": There is a | | possibility that "euphuism" should have been used, rather | | than "euphemism."

| | Page 96: Closing quotes added after "...

an artistic | | impression."

| | Page 102: Beaudelaire _sic_ | | Page 165: Mirander amended to Miranda | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOLSTOY ON SHAKESPEARE: A CRITICAL ESSAY ON SHAKESPEARE *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

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