Woman in Science — The Future of Women in Science: Summary and Epilogue, Part 2

"Maintaining that with equal husbandry The woman were an equal to the man."

Not the least of the contributing factors to woman's intellectual growth, and especially to her future achievements in science, are the recent adjustments for women in social and economical conditions brought about chiefly by far-reaching changes in the industrial world.

Even so late as the last half of the nineteenth century the energies of women, when they were not engaged in the kitchen or the nursery, were spent on the domestic loom, spinning wheel and the knitting needle.

All the various processes from carding the wool to making it into clothing for all the members of the family were in the hands of the housewife.

Ready-made clothing was far from being as common and inexpensive as it is now.

Canned foods and cereals, which do away with so much of the drudgery of the kitchen, were unknown.

Electricity, which has proved to be such a remarkable aid in every modern home, was little more than a mysterious force that was utilized in the electric telegraph.

Most of the domestic labor-saving machines were still in their infancy and possessed by but few people.

Large fortunes were confined to only a favored few in our great metropolises.

The mass of the people was preoccupied with the struggle for existence.

But science, the spirit of invention and the advent of the age of machinery have completely changed the conditions of life which obtained but a generation ago.

They have not only opened up for women countless occupations that were undreamed of in their mother's time, but have also given to tens of thousands of them the necessary means and leisure to indulge their tastes for study and research and enabled an ever increasing number of them to realize their aspirations for achieving distinction in the divers departments of scientific research.

As an instance of this marked change in the intellectual activity of women, we need only consider what an important part they now take in our present prodigious literary output, as compared with their share in similar work but a few decades ago.

As authors, as writers and readers in the editorial rooms of our leading periodicals, as contributors to learned journals and reviews dealing with every branch of science, even the most abstruse, they now occupy a conspicuous place and are doing work that is quite as creditable as that of men.

And it is no longer necessary, in deference to public sentiment, for them to write under a pseudonym, for it is no longer considered unfeminine, as it was in the time of the Bronte sisters, for women to acknowledge themselves the authors of books or of articles in magazines.

If they elect to devote their lives to literary or scientific work, they will not be deterred from so doing by what Mrs. Grundy may say, or by the fear that some feeble imitator of Moliere may dub them as _Precieuses Ridicules_.

The value of their productions, like those of men, is gauged solely by merit and not by any narrow-minded considerations of the author's sex.

So also will it be in all other occupations where women choose to gain their livelihood by devoting themselves to scientific pursuits rather than to manual labor or to secretarial work in the counting-room.

There are positions open for them in colleges, universities and the government service where, as professors or experts in every branch of science, their talents have full liberty of action and where they have the same opportunity of achieving distinction in their chosen life-work as have their male colleagues.

In Germany there are to-day a million more women than men.

It is the same in England.

In France the number of women who are widows or unmarried or divorcees or mothers with full-grown children aggregates no less than four and a half millions.

A similar condition obtains in other parts of Europe.

A large percentage of this number is without home ties and, as the old fields of labor are no longer open to women, they are forced to find new ones.

They naturally demand the privilege of exercising their talents in occupations which are most congenial to them.

Many have no inclination for any of the avocations in the industrial or commercial world, but have a very decided inclination as well as talent for scientific pursuits.

Hence the ever-increasing number of women who seek employment in chemical and biological laboratories, in museums and astronomical observatories, as well as aspire to professorships of science in schools and colleges.

From this large number of votaries of science some are sure to achieve distinction in their calling and to contribute materially to the advancement of knowledge.

In the course of time the number of those, like Mme.

Curie, Mme.

Coudreau, Mary Kingsley, Sonya Kovalevsky, Eleanor Ormerod, Caroline Herschel, Zelia Nuttall, Harriet Boyd Hawes, Donna Eersilia Bovatillo, Sophie Pereyaslawewa--to name only a few--who will become prominent as chemists, explorers, naturalists, mathematicians, entomologists, astronomers, archaeologists, biologists will be vastly increased, for women will find a greater stimulus for such work and more numerous demands for their service in the constantly expanding sphere of scientific research.

Many women will, doubtless, become specialists in some specific branch of science, particularly if they have a genuine love for it, or be fired by an ambition to achieve fame as discoverers.

But it is not probable that they will ever specialize to the same extent as men do.

For men scientific work has to a large extent become a _metier_, and success, as in industry, depends on a division of labor.

Hence it is that their field of investigation is daily becoming more and more circumscribed.

This is observable in all the sciences, but especially in such all-embracing sciences as chemistry, biology, and archaeology.

A man now does well if he master a single branch of any of these sciences, and is hailed as exceptionally fortunate if he succeed in making some notable discovery in his limited field of research.

So great, indeed, has been the activity of scientific men in every department of science during the last half century, and so thoroughly have they explored the most hidden recesses of nature, that it, at times, seems as if there were but little left to discover.

A prominent scientist recently well expressed the difficulty of making any striking additions to our knowledge of nature by asserting that all great discoveries would hereafter be made in the sixth place of decimals.

This statement is well illustrated by the delicate experiments that were required to isolate such rare elements as radium, polonium, helium and neon, which occur only in infinitesimal quantities.

While men of science will be forced to continue as specialists as long as the love of fame, to consider no other motives of research, continues to be a potent influence in their investigations, it is probable that women will have less love for the long and tedious processes involved in the more difficult kinds of specialization.

They will, it seems likely, be more inclined to acquire a general knowledge of the whole circle of the sciences--a knowledge that will enable them to take a comprehensive survey of nature.

And it will be fortunate for themselves, as well as for the men who must perforce remain specialists, if they elect to do so.

For nothing gives falser views of nature as a whole, nothing more unfits the mind for a proper apprehension of higher and more important truths, nothing more incapacitates one for the enjoyment of the masterpieces of literature or the sweeter amenities of life, than the narrow occupation of a specialist who sees nothing in the universe but electrons, microbes and protozoa.

But just at the critical moment, when men of science would rather discover a process than a law, when they are so preoccupied with the infinitely little that they lose sight of the cosmos as a whole; when their attention is so riveted on particular phenomena that they will no longer have aptitude for rising from effects to causes; when they cease to have any interest in general ideas and stray away from the guidance of the true philosophic spirit; when, like Plato's cave men, they have so long groped in darkness that their powers of vision are impaired, then it is that woman, "The herald of a brighter race," comes to the rescue and holds up to their astonished gaze the picture of an ideal world whose existence they had almost forgotten.

For women, as a rule, love science for its own sake, and, unlike the specialists in question, they are, in its pursuit, rarely actuated by any selfish or mercenary interests, or by the hope of financial reward.

Precise and never-ending observations with the microscope and spectroscope, which at best give them but a superficial knowledge of certain details of science, while it leaves them in ignorance of the greater and better part of it, do not appeal to them.

They prefer general ideas to particular facts, and love to roam over the whole realm of science rather than confine themselves to one of its isolated corners.

"Women," writes M. Etienne Lamy, the distinguished French Academician, "group themselves at the center of human knowledge, whereas men disperse themselves towards its outer boundaries.

While men are always pushing analysis to its utmost limits, women are seeking a synthesis.

While men are becoming more technical, women are becoming more intellectual.

They are better placed to observe the correlations of the different sciences, and to subordinate them to the common and unique source of truth from which they all descend.

We seem, indeed, to be approaching a time when women will become the conservers of general ideas."

[262] In the preceding chapter reference was made to the fact that women are naturally inclined to adopt the deductive method in their search for truth when men would employ only the inductive method.

This disposition of theirs to arrive at conclusions by a kind of intuition, coupled with their more pronounced idealism, is sure to react favorably on men, and prevent them from becoming so involved in mere facts and phenomena as to cause them to forget that it is as important to reason well as to observe well--that the fundamental principles of a true philosophy are quite as necessary for the eminent man of science as they are to the trustworthy historian or commanding statesman.

From what has been said, it is clear that man's ideal of the woman of the future will be quite different from what it was but a little more than a century ago, when Dr. Johnson could say that "any acquaintance with books," among women, "was distinguished only to be censured."

It will be quite different from the ideal woman, as portrayed by poets and novelists, for centuries past.

For among the thousands of women painted by our leading writers of fiction, poets and dramatists there are few, if any, outside of those sketched by Tennyson in _The Princess_, who are distinguished for their learning or for their love of intellectual pursuits.

Even Portia, Shakespeare's most learned woman, was, according to her own confession, but "An unlessoned girl, unschooled, unpracticed."

And the heroines of the novelist, far from being women who had a thirst for knowledge, or were eager "To sound the abyss Of science and the secrets of the mind," were those only whose chief attractions were physical graces and charms, affectionate natures, brilliant wit together with "sweet laughs for bird-notes and blue eyes for a heaven."

Now, however, that women after ages of struggle are beginning to experience a sense of intellectual freedom before unknown, and to exult in the fact that "Knowledge is now no more a fountain sealed";

now that they are, for the first time, beginning, in every civilized nation, to realize their age-long aspirations for unimpeded opportunity in all the activities of the intellect; now that they are no longer "Dismiss'd in shame to live No wiser than their mothers, household stuff, Live chattels, *** *** laughing-stocks of Time," we may expect soon to see a marked change in the character of the ideal woman as depicted in literature and as desired by the intelligent portion of mankind.

What woman's liberation from intellectual bondage and her freedom to devote herself to scientific pursuits mean for the future of humanity it is difficult at present adequately to forecast.

That it will contribute immensely to the betterment of social conditions and to the elevation of the masses of humanity, there can be no doubt.

Setting free the imprisoned energies of one half of our race, means more than doubling mankind's capacity for advancement.

For the failure to utilize woman's vast energies, pining for an outlet, acted as a drag on man's own potentialities, and thus retarded to an untold extent the world's advancement.

In times past, as has aptly been said, "an enormous part of the brain power of mankind has been spent or wasted in smiting the Philistines hip and thigh, and an enormous part of the brain power of womankind has been spent in cajoling Sampson."

It will mean that the women of the future will be more suitable companions for the rapidly increasing number of highly educated men of science; that having their intellects developed _pari passu_ with those of men, they will be able to sympathize with the noblest aims of their husbands and assist them in their most important undertakings, as did the wives of Huber, Lavoisier, Pasteur, Huxley, Louis Agassiz and others scarcely less renowned in the annals of science.

It will mean that they will not only share in the joys and the sorrows of their life-companions, but that they will also have a part in their thoughts, their studies, their labors, their achievements.

For one should bear in mind that the first essential to a perfect union of hearts is a perfect harmony of minds.

Where neither husband nor wife is educated, the virtues may suffice for companionship, but where the man is educated and the woman ignorant, there are sooner or later estrangements and the wife becomes little better than an old Japanese conception of her, "a cook without pay," or a pasha's toy for an idle hour.

Chrysalde in Moliere's _L'Ecole des Femmes_, declares: "Qu'il est assez ennuyeux, que je crois, D'avoir toute sa vie une bete avec soi."

A briefer and truer statement of the evils of unequal intellectual mating was never penned.

[263] Men of intelligence are no longer, like Rousseau, satisfied with an ignorant domestic for a wife, and still less are they disposed with Schopenhauer to regard woman as an incurable Philistine, and as a mere intermediary between a child and a man.

They have learned by sad experience that it is contrary both to justice and public policy to impose artificial restrictions on the acquisition of knowledge by women, or to close to the vigorous and capable representatives of their sex careers which are open to the weakest and most incompetent men.

History has taught them that the fall of Greece and Rome was owing to the failure of these nations to make due provision for the mental development of women.

And women know that it was because of the inability of the wives of the Athenians to enter into the thoughts of their highly educated husbands and to sympathize with their aims and appreciate their achievements that caused the men to leave them in their solitude and seek in the companionship of the hetaerae the intellectual atmosphere which was wanting in their own homes.

They know, too, that the lack of knowledge in the wife and the absence of virtue in the hetaerae, which brought such disasters on the most learned and most cultured of nations are still evils to be guarded against, and that one of the means over and above moral rule and revealed truth of safe-guarding their own interests and preserving the sanctity of the home is to make themselves by knowledge and culture the intellectual equals of their consorts.

They realize also that if they are to attain the highest measure of success as wives and mothers, a broad and thorough education--a knowledge of science, as well as familiarity with art and literature and the teachings of religion--is essential to them for their children's sake.

It is said that "The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world," but how much truer is it that "The domestic hearth is the first of schools, and the best of lecture-rooms; for here the heart will cooperate with the mind, the affections with the reasoning power."

It is only when the mothers of this, the woman's century, shall dispute with men the primacy of erudition--when they shall prove their mastery of those newer sciences by which our age sets such great store--when they shall possess "Seraphic intellect and force To seize and throw the doubts of man";

that their grown-up sons will have the same confidence in their intelligence as they now have in their hearts.

Then only will mothers be properly equipped for developing the character of their children; for inspiring them with a love of the true, the beautiful and the good; for stimulating their talents and aiding them to attain to all the sublimities of knowledge; for assisting them in doubt and despondency and firing them with an ambition to strive for supreme excellence in all that makes for the nobility of manhood and the glory of womanhood; for making them, as Beatrice made Dante after he was renewed and purified in the waters of Eunoe, "fit to mount up to the stars."

"_Puro e disposto a salire alle stelle.

_" The romantic idea of treating woman as a clinging vine, and thus eliminating half the energies of humanity, is rapidly disappearing and giving place to the idea that the strong are for the strong--the intellectually strong; that the evolution of the race will be complete only when men and women shall be associated in perfect unity of purpose, and shall, in fullest sympathy, collaborate for the attainment of the highest and the best.

Then, indeed, will man's helpmate become to him and to his children "More rich than pearls of Ind or gold of Ophir, And in her sex more wonderful and rare."

Then will men and women for the first time fully supplement each other in their aspirations and endeavors and realize somewhat of that oneness of heart and mind which was so beautifully adumbrated in Plato's androgyn.

Then will the world witness the return of another Golden Age--the Golden Age of Science--the Golden Age of cultured, noble, perfect womanhood.

Then to all who really think and love will be manifest the clearness and power of vision of England's great poet laureate when in matchless numbers he sings: "The woman's cause is man's; they rise or sink Together, dwarfed or godlike, bond or free.

...

*...

*...

*...

* For woman is not undevelopt man But diverse: could we make her as the man, Sweet Love were slain; his dearest bond is this, Not like to like, but like in difference.

Yet in the long years liker must they grow;

The man be more of woman, she of man;

He gain in sweetness and in moral height, Nor lose the wrestling thews that throw the world;

She mental breadth, nor fail in childward care, Nor lose the childlike in the larger mind;

Till at the last she set herself to man, Like perfect music unto noble words;

And as these twain, upon the skirts of Time, Sit side by side, full-summ'd in all their powers, Dispensing harvest, sowing the To-be, Self-rev'rent each, and reverencing each, Distinct in individualities, But like each other ev'n as those who love, Then comes the statelier Eden back to men;

Then reign the world's great bridals chaste and calm;

Then springs the crowning race of human-kind.

May these things be!"

FOOTNOTES:

[256] _Histoire des Sciences et des Savants_, p. 271, Geneve-Bale, 1885. [257] Ibid.

, p. 270. [258] A writer in the English magazine, _Nature_, under date of January 12, 1911, when the European press was discussing Mme.

Curie's claims to membership in the French Academy of Sciences, makes the following sane observations on the admission of women to the various academies of the French Institute: "There may be room for difference of opinion as to the wisdom or expediency of permitting women to embark on the troubled sea of politics, or of allowing them a determinate voice in the settlement of questions which may affect the existence or the destiny of a nation; but surely there ought to be no question that in the peaceful walks of art, literature and science, there should be the freest possible scope extended to them, and that, as human beings, every avenue to distinction and success should unreservedly be open to them.

"All academies tend to be conservative and to move slowly;

they are the homes of privilege and of vested interest.

Some of them incline to be reactionary.

They were created by men for men and for the most part at a time when women played little or no part in those occupations which such societies were intended to foster and develop.

But the times have changed.

Women have gradually won for themselves their rightful position as human beings.

We have now to recognize that academies as seats of learning were made for humanity and that, as members of the human race, women have the right to look upon their heritage and property no less than men.

This consummation may not at once be reached, but, as it is based upon reason and justice, it is certain to be attained eventually."

A fortnight later the same magazine contained a second article, in which the matter is treated in an equally manly fashion.

"As scientific work," the writer pertinently observes, "must ultimately be judged by its merits, and not by the nationality or sex of its author, we believe that the opposition to the election of women into scientific societies will soon be seen to be unjust and detrimental to the progress of natural knowledge.

By no pedantic reasoning can the rejection of a candidate for membership of a scientific society be justified, if the work done places the candidate in the leading position among other competitors.

Science knows no nationality and should recognize no distinction of sex, color or creed among those who are contributing to its advancement.

Believing that this is the conclusion to which consideration of the question must inevitably lead, we have confidence that the doors of all scientific societies will eventually be open to women on equal terms with men."

[259] _Lettres et Opuscules Inedits du Comte Joseph de Maistre_, Tom.

I,

p. 194, Paris, 1851. It was this same brusque and original writer who asserted that "science was a most dangerous thing for women; that no woman should study science under penalty of becoming ridiculous and unhappy; that a coquette can more readily get married than a savante."

And he it was who declared that women who attempted to emulate men in the pursuit of science are monkeys and _donne barbute_--bearded women--and who designated Mme.

de Stael as "_la science en jupons, une impertinente femelette_"--science in petticoats, a silly, impertinent female.

He, however, met an opponent worthy of his steel in the person of the eloquent bishop of Orleans, Mgr.

Dupanloup.

In a lengthy and brilliant critique of De Maistre's views he shows them to be untenable, if not ridiculous.

"I by no means," he writes, "agree with M. de Maistre that '_la science en jupons_,' as he calls it, or talents of any kind whatsoever, militates in the slightest against a woman being a good wife or a good mother.

Quite the contrary."

And considering woman as the companion and aid of man--_socia et adjutorium_--he expresses a view which is quite the opposite of that championed by his distinguished adversary for, in words precise and pregnant, he asserts that the education of women cannot be too consistent, too serious, and too solid--"_L'education des femmes ne saurait etre trop suivie, trop serieuse et trop forte.

_" _La Femme Studieuse_, p. 160, Paris, 1895. [260] _The Subjection of Women_, p. 81, London, 1909. [261] The late Mr. Gladstone asserts that "It would be hard to discover any period of history or country of the world, not being Christian, in which they"--women--"stood so high as with the Greeks of the Heroic Age"--when the position of the Greek woman was so remarkable and "so elevated, both absolutely and in comparison with what it became in the Historic Ages of Greece and Rome amidst their elaborate civilization."

_Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age_, Vol. II, p. 479 et seq.

, Oxford, 1858. Cf.

also the same author's _Juventus Mundi_, p. 405 et seq.

, London, 1869. [262] _La Femme de Demain_, pp. 45, 46, Paris, 1912. [263] Dr. Johnson expressed the same sentiment when he declared that a man of sense should meet a suitable companion in a wife.

"It was a miserable thing," he asserted in characteristic fashion, "when the conversation could only be such as whether the mutton should be boiled or roasted, and a probable dispute about that."

Sidney Smith, in a forceful and trenchant essay _On the Education of Women_, written for the _Edinburgh Review_ a century ago, gives it as his deliberate opinion that "The instruction of women improves the stock of natural talents, and employs more minds for the instruction and amusement of the world; it increases the pleasures of society by multiplying the topics upon which the two sexes take a common interest;

and makes marriage an intercourse of understanding as well as of affection by giving dignity and importance to the female character.

The education of women favors public morals; it provides for every season of life as well as for the brightest and the best; and leaves a woman when she is stricken by the hand of time, not as she now is, destitute of everything and neglected by all, but with the full power and the splendid attractions of knowledge,--diffusing the elegant pleasures of polite literature, and receiving the just homage of learned and accomplished men."

As to the oft repeated commonplace of noodledom that higher education puts an end to domestic economy and deteriorates the noblest qualities of womanhood, the same clear-headed writer asks: "Can anything ...

be more perfectly absurd than to suppose that the care and perpetual solicitude which a mother feels for her children, depends upon her ignorance of Greek or mathematics; and that she would desert an infant for a quadratic equation--that Cimmerian ignorance can aid parental affection, or the circle of the arts and sciences produce its destruction--that the moment you suffer women to eat of the tree of knowledge the rest of the family will very soon be reduced to the same kind of aerial and unsatisfactory diet?"

Still more insistent on the necessity of the broadest and deepest education for woman--education in science as well as in art and literature--is the Most Rev. Archbishop, J. L.

Spalding, who by his writing and lectures has done so much for the cause of the higher education of both men and women.

In an eloquent and pregnant discourse, pronounced in the Church of the Gesu in Rome, in March, 1900, he told his vast audience--composed of the elite of the Eternal City--that: "If we are to have a race of enlightened, noble, and brave men, we must give to woman the best education it is possible for her to receive.

She has the same right as man to become all that she may be, to know whatever may be known, to do whatever is fair and just and good.

In souls there is no sex.

If we leave half the race in ignorance, how shall we hope to lift the other half into the light of truth and love?

Let woman's mental power increase, let her influence grow, and more and more she will stand by the side of man as a helper in all his struggles to make the will of God prevail.

From the time the Virgin Mother held the Infant Saviour in her arms, to this hour, woman has been the great lover of Christ and the unweary helper of His little ones; and the more we strengthen and illumine her, the more we add to her sublime faith and devotion the power of knowledge and culture, the more efficaciously shall she work to purify life, to make justice, temperance, chastity, and love prevail.

She is more unselfish, more capable of enthusiasm for spiritual ends, she has more sympathy with what is beautiful, noble, and godlike than man; and the more her knowledge increases, the more shall she become a heavenly force to help spread God's kingdom on earth."

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