Naval War of 1812 — 14 Part 14

The day after the conflict the prize's foremast went by the board, and, as she was much damaged by shot, Captain Blakely burned her, put a portion of his wounded prisoners on board a neutral, and with the remainder proceeded to France, reaching l'Orient on the 8th day of July.

On July 4th Sailing-master Percival and 30 volunteers of the New York flotilla [Footnote: Letter of Com.

J.

Lewis, July 6, 1814. ] concealed themselves on board a fishing-smack, and carried by surprise the _Eagle_ tender, which contained a 32-pound howitzer and 14 men, 4 of whom were wounded.

On July 12th, while off the west coast of South Africa, the American brig _Syren_ was captured after a chase of 11 hours by the _Medway_, 74, Capt. Brine.

The chase was to windward during the whole time, and made every effort to escape, throwing overboard all her boats, anchors, cables, and spare spars.

[Footnote: Letter of Capt. Brine to Vice-Admiral Tyler, July 12. 1814. ] Her commander, Captain Parker, had died, and she was in charge of Lieut.

N.

J.

Nicholson.

By a curious coincidence, on the same day, July 12th, H. M.

cutter _Landrail_, 4, [Footnote: James, vi, 436: his statement is wrong as regards the privateer.

] of 20 men, Lieut.

Lancaster, was captured by the American privateer _Syren_, a schooner mounting 1 long heavy gun, with a crew of 70 men; the _Landrail_ had 7, and the _Syren_ 3 men wounded.

On July 14th Gun-boat No. 88, Sailing-master George Clement, captured after a short skirmish the tender of the _Tenedos_ frigate, with her second lieutenant, 2 midshipmen, and 10 seamen.

[Footnote: Letter of Capt. Isaac Hull, July 15. 1814. ] The _Wasp_ stayed in l'Orient till she was thoroughly refitted, and had filled, in part, the gaps in her crew, from the American privateers in port.

On Aug.

27th, Captain Blakely sailed again, making two prizes during the next three days.

On Sept.

1st she came up to a convoy of 10 sail under the protection of the _Armada_, 74, all bound for Gibraltar; the swift cruiser hovered round the merchant-men like a hawk, and though chased off again and again by the line-of-battle ship, always returned the instant the pursuit stopped, and finally actually succeeded in cutting off and capturing one ship, laden with iron and brass cannon, muskets, and other military stores of great value.

At half past six on the evening of the same day, in lat.

47° 30' N.

, long.

11° W.

, while running almost free, four sail, two on the starboard bow, and two on the port, rather more to leeward, were made out.

[Footnote: Official letter of Capt. Blakely.

Sept.

8, 1814. ] Capt. Blakely at once made sail for the most weatherly of the four ships in sight, though well aware that more than one of them might prove to be hostile cruisers, and they were all of unknown force.

But the determined Carolinian was not one to be troubled by such considerations.

He probably had several men less under his command than in the former action, but had profited by his experience with the _Reindeer_ in one point, having taken aboard her 12-pounder boat carronade, of whose efficacy he had had very practical proof.

The chase, the British brig-sloop _Avon_, 18, Captain the Honorable James Arbuthnot, [Footnote: James, vi, 432] was steering almost southwest; the wind, which was blowing fresh from the southeast, being a little abaft the port beam.

At 7. 00 the _Avon_ began making night signals with the lanterns, but the _Wasp_, disregarding these, came steadily on; at 8. 38 the _Avon_ fired a shot from her stern-chaser, [Footnote: James, vi, 432. ] and shortly afterward another from one of her lee or starboard guns.

At 20 minutes past 9, the _Wasp_ was on the port or weather-quarter of the _Avon_, and the vessels interchanged several hails; one of the American officers then came forward on the forecastle and ordered the brig to heave to, which the latter declined doing, and set her port foretop-mast studding sail.

The _Wasp_ then, at 9. 29, fired the 12-pound carronade into her, to which the _Avon_ responded with her stern-chaser and the aftermost port guns.

Capt. Blakely then put his helm up, for fear his adversary would try to escape, and ran to leeward of her, and then ranged up alongside, having poured a broadside into her quarter.

A close and furious engagement began, at such short range that the only one of the _Wasp's_ crew who was wounded, was hit by a wad; four round shot struck her hull, killing two men, and she suffered a good deal in her rigging.

The men on board did not know the name of their antagonist;

but they could see through the smoke and the gloom of the night, as her black hull surged through the water, that she was a large brig; and aloft, against the sky, the sailors could be discerned, clustering in the tops.

[Footnote: Captain Blakely's letter.

] In spite of the darkness the _Wasp's_ fire was directed with deadly precision; the _Avon's_ gaff was shot away at almost the first broadside, and most of her main-rigging and spars followed suit.

She was hulled again and again, often below water-line; some of her carronades were dismounted, and finally the main-mast went by the board.

At 10. 00, after 31 minutes of combat, her fire had been completely silenced and Captain Blakely hailed to know if she had struck.

No answer being received, and the brig firing a few random shot, the action recommended; but at 10. 12 the _Avon_ was again hailed, and this time answered that she had struck.

While lowering away a boat to take possession, another sail (H. B.

M.

brig-sloop _Castilian_, 18, Captain Braimer) was seen astern.

The men were again called to quarters, and every thing put in readiness as rapidly as possible; but at 10. 36 two more sail were seen (one of which was H.

B.

M.

_Tartarus_, 20 [Footnote: "Niles' Register," vi.

216. ]).

The braces being cut away, the _Wasp_ was put before the wind until new ones could be rove.

The _Castilian_ pursued till she came up close, when she fired her lee guns into, or rather over, the weather-quarter of the _Wasp_, cutting her rigging slightly.

Repeated signals of distress having now been made by the _Avon_ (which had lost 10 men killed and 32 wounded), the _Castilian_ tacked and stood for her, and on closing found out she was sinking.

Hardly had her crew been taken out when she went down.

[Illustration of the action between _WASP_ and _AVON_ from 9. 25 to 10. 00. ] Counting the _Wasp's_ complement as full (though it was probably two or three short), taking James' statement of the crew of the _Avon_ as true, including the boat carronades of both vessels, and considering the _Avon's_ stern-chaser to have been a six-pounder, we get the COMPARATIVE FORCE.

No. Weight No. Tons.

Guns.

Metal.

Men.

Loss.

_Wasp,_ 509 12 327 160 3 _Avon,_ 477 11 280 117 42 It is self-evident that in the case of this action the odds, 14 to 11, are neither enough to account for the loss inflicted being as 14 to 1, nor for the rapidity with which, during a night encounter, the _Avon_ was placed in a sinking condition.

"The gallantry of the _Avon's_ officers and crew cannot for a moment be questioned; but the gunnery of the latter appears to have been not one whit better than, to the discredit of the British navy, had frequently before been displayed in combats of this kind.

Nor, judging from the specimen given by the _Castilian_, is it likely that she would have performed any better."

[Footnote: James, vi, 435. ] On the other hand, "Capt. Blakely's conduct on this occasion had all the merit shown in the previous action, with the additional claim of engaging an enemy under circumstances which led him to believe that her consorts were in the immediate vicinity.

The steady, officer-like way in which the _Avon_ was destroyed, and the coolness with which he prepared to engage the _Castilian_ within ten minutes after his first antagonist had struck, are the best encomiums on this officer's character and spirit, as well as on the school in which he had been trained."

[Footnote: Cooper, ii, 291. ] The _Wasp_ now cruised to the southward and westward, taking and scuttling one or two prizes.

On Sept.

21st, lat.

33° 12' N.

, long.

14° 56' W.

, she captured the brig _Atalanta_, 8, with 19 men, which proved a valuable prize, and was sent in with one of the midshipmen, Mr. Geisinger, aboard, as prize-master, who reached Savannah in safety on Nov.

4th.

Meanwhile the _Wasp_ kept on toward the southeast.

On Oct.

9th, in lat.

18° 35' N.

, long.

30° 10' W.

, she spoke and boarded the Swedish brig _Adonis_, and took out of her Lieut.

McKnight and Mr. Lyman, a master's mate, both late of the _Essex_, on their way to England from Brazil.

This was the last that was ever heard of the gallant but ill-fated _Wasp_.

How she perished none ever knew; all that is certain is that she was never seen again.

She was as good a ship, as well manned, and as ably commanded as any vessel in our little navy; and it may be doubted if there was at that time any foreign sloop of war of her size and strength that could have stood against her in fair fight.

As I have said, the _Wasp_ was manned almost exclusively by Americans.

James says they were mostly Irish; the reason he gives for the assertion being that Capt. Blakely spent the first 16 months of his life in Dublin.

This argument is quite on a par with another piece of logic which I cannot resist noticing.

The point he wishes to prove is that Americans are cowards.

Accordingly, on p. 475: "On her capstan the _Constitution_ now mounted a piece resembling 7 musket barrels, fixed together with iron bands.

It was discharged by one lock, and each barrel threw 25 balls.

* * * What could have impelled the Americans to invent such extraordinary implements of war but fear, down-right fear?"

Then a little further on: "The men were provided with leather boarding-caps, fitted with bands of iron, * * * another strong symptom of fear!"

Now, such a piece of writing as this is simply evidence of an unsound mind; it is not so much malicious as idiotic.

I only reproduce it to help prove what I have all along insisted on, that any of James' unsupported statements about the Americans, whether respecting the tonnage of the ships or the courage of the crews, are not worth the paper they are written on; on all points connected purely with the British navy, or which can be checked off by official documents or ships' logs, or where there would be no particular object in falsifying, James is an invaluable assistant, from the diligence and painstaking care he shows, and the thoroughness and minuteness with which he goes into details.

A fair-minded and interesting English critic, [Footnote: Lord Howard Douglass, "Treatise on Naval Gunnery," p. 416. ] whose remarks are generally very just, seems to me to have erred somewhat in commenting on this last sloop action.

He says that the _Avon_ was first crippled by dismantling shot from _long guns_.

Now, the _Wasp_ had but _one_ long gun on the side engaged, and, moreover, began the action with the shortest and lightest of her carronades.

Then he continues that the _Avon_, like the _Peacock_, "was hulled so low that the shot-holes could not be got at, and yielded to this fatal circumstance only."

It certainly cannot be said when a brig has been dismasted, has had a third of her crew placed _hors de combat_, and has been rendered an unmanageable hulk, that she yields _only_ because she has received a few shot below the water-line.

These shot-holes undoubtedly hastened the result, but both the _Peacock_ and the _Avon_ would have surrendered even if they had remained absolutely water-tight.

The _Adams_, 28, had been cut down to a sloop of war at Washington, and then lengthened into a flush-decked, heavy corvette, mounting on each side 13 medium 18's, or columbiads, and 1 long 12, with a crew of 220 men, under the command of Capt. Charles Morris, late first lieut.

of the _Constitution_.

[Footnote: "Autobiography of Commodore Morris," Annapolis, 1880, p. 172. ] She slipped out of the Potomac and past the blockaders on Jan.

18th, and cruised eastward to the African coast and along it from Cape Mount to Cape Palmas, thence to the Canaries and Cape de Verd.

She returned very nearly along the Equator, thence going toward the West Indies.

The cruise was unlucky, but a few small prizes, laden with palm-oil and ivory, being made.

In hazy weather, on March 25th, a large Indiaman (the _Woodbridge_) was captured; but while taking possession the weather cleared up, and Capt. Morris found himself to leeward of 25 sail, two of which, a two-decker and a frigate, were making for him, and it took him till the next day to shake them off.

He entered Savannah on May 1st and sailed again on the 8th, standing in to the Gulf Stream, between Makanilla and Florida, to look out for the Jamaica fleet.

He found this fleet on the 24th, but the discovery failed to do him much good, as the ships were under the convoy of a 74, two frigates, and three brigs.

The _Adams_ hovered on their skirts for a couple of days, but nothing could be done with them, for the merchant-men sailed in the closest possible order and the six war vessels exercised the greatest vigilance.

So the corvette passed northward to the Newfoundland Banks, where she met with nothing but fogs and floating ice, and then turned her prow toward Ireland.

On July 4th she made out and chased two sail, who escaped into the mouth of the Shannon.

After this the _Adams_, heartily tired of fogs and cold, stood to the southward and made a few prizes; then, in lat.

44° N.

, long.

10° W.

, on July 15th, she stumbled across the 18-pounder 36-gun frigate _Tigris_, Capt. Henderson.

The frigate was to leeward, and a hard chase ensued.

It was only by dint of cutting away her anchors and throwing overboard some of her guns that the _Adams_ held her own till sunset, when it fell calm.

Capt. Morris and his first lieutenant, Mr. Wadsworth, had been the first and second lieutenants of _Old Ironsides_ in Hull's famous cruise, and they proved that they had not forgotten their early experience, for they got out the boats to tow, and employed their time so well that by sunrise the frigate was two leagues astern.

After 18 hours' more chase the _Adams_ dropped her.

But in a day or two she ran across a couple more, one of which, an old bluff-bows, was soon thrown out;

but the other was very fast, and kept close on the corvette's heels.

As before, the frigate was to leeward.

The _Adams_ had been built by contract; one side was let to a sub-contractor of economical instincts, and accordingly turned out rather shorter than the other;

the result was, the ship sailed a good deal faster on one tack than on the other.

In this chase she finally got on her good tack in the night, and so escaped.

[Footnote: This statement is somewhat traditional; I have also seen it made about the _John Adams_.

But some old officers have told me positively that it occurred to the _Adams_ on this cruise.

] Capt. Morris now turned homeward.

During his two cruises he had made but 10 prizes (manned by 161 men), none of very great value.

His luck grew worse and worse.

The continual cold and damp produced scurvy, and soon half of his crew were prostrated by the disease; and the weather kept on foggy as ever.

Off the Maine coast a brig-sloop (the _Rifleman_, Capt. Pearce) was discovered and chased, but it escaped in the thick weather.

The fog grew heavier, and early on the morning of Aug.

17th the _Adams_ struck land--literally struck it, too, for she grounded on the Isle of Haute, and had to throw over provisions, spare spars, etc. , before she could be got off.

Then she entered the Penobscot, and sailed 27 miles up it to Hampden.

The _Rifleman_ meanwhile conveyed intelligence of her whereabouts to a British fleet, consisting of two line-of-battle ships, three frigates, three sloops, and ten troop transports, under the joint command of Rear-Admiral Griffeth and Lieutenant-General Sherbrooke.

[Footnote: James, vi, 479. ] This expedition accordingly went into the Penobscot and anchored off Castine.

Captain Morris made every preparation he could to defend his ship, but his means were very limited; seventy of his men were dead or disabled by the scurvy; the remainder, many of them also diseased, were mustered out, to the number of 130 officers and seamen (without muskets) and 20 marines.

He was joined, however, by 30 regulars, and later by over 300 militia armed with squirrel guns, ducking- and fowling-pieces, etc. ,--in all between 500 and 550 men, [Footnote: "Autobiography of Commodore Morris."

] only 180 of whom, with 50 muskets among them, could be depended upon.

On Sept.

3d the British advanced by land and water, the land-force being under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel John, and consisting of 600 troops, 80 marines, and 80 seamen.

[Footnote: James, vi.

481. Whenever militia are concerned James has not much fear of official documents and lets his imagination run riot; he here says the Americans had 1,400 men, which is as accurate as he generally is in writing about this species of force.

His aim being to overestimate the number of the Americans in the various engagements, he always supplies militia _ad libitum_, to make up any possible deficiency.

] The flotilla was composed of barges, launches, and rocket-boats, under the command of Captain Barry of the _Dragon_, 74. In all there were over 1,500 men.

The seamen of the _Adams_, from the wharf, opened fire on the flotilla, which returned it with rockets and carronades; but the advance was checked.

Meanwhile the British land-forces attacked the militia, who acted up to the traditional militia standard, and retreated with the utmost promptitude and celerity, omitting the empty formality of firing.

This left Captain Morris surrounded by eight times his number, and there was nothing to do but set fire to the corvette and retreat.

The seamen, marines, and regulars behaved well, and no attempt was made to molest them.

None of Captain Morris' men were hit; his loss was confined to one sailor and one marine who were too much weakened by scurvy to retreat with the others, who marched to Portland, 200 miles off.

The British lost ten men killed or wounded.

On Sept.

9th Gunboats No. 160 and 151, commanded by Mr. Thomas M. Pendleton, captured off Sapoleo Bar, Ga.

, the British privateer _Fortune of War_, armed with two heavy pivot guns, and 35 men.

She made a brief resistance, losing two of her men.

[Footnote: Letter from Commodore H. E.

Campbell, St. Mary's, Sept.

12, 1814. ] On Sept.

15th the British 20-gun ship-sloops _Hermes_ and _Carron_, and 18-gun brig-sloops _Sophie_ and _Childers_, and a force of 200 men on shore, [Footnote: James, vi, 527. ] attacked Fort Bowyer, on Mobile Point, but were repulsed without being able to do any damage whatever to the Americans.

The _Hermes_ was sunk and the assailants lost about 80 men.

[Illustration: Captain Samuel C. Reid: a portrait painted by John Wesley Jarvis in 1815. (Courtesy U. S.

Naval Academy Museum)] On the 26th of September, while the privateer-schooner _General Armstrong_, of New York, Captain Samuel C. Reid, of one long 24, eight long 9's, and 90 men, was lying at anchor in the road of Fayal, a British squadron, composed of the _Plantagenet_, 74, Captain Robert Floyd, _Rota_, 38, Captain Philip Somerville, and _Carnation_, 18, Captain George Bentham, hove in sight.

[Footnote: Letter of Captain S.

C.

Reid, Oct.

7, 1814; and of John B. Dabney, Consul at Fayal, Oct.

5, 1814. ] One or more boats were sent in by the British, to reconnoitre the schooner, as they asserted, or, according to the American accounts, to carry her by a _coup de main_.

At any rate, after repeatedly warning them off, the privateer fired into them, and they withdrew.

Captain Reid then anchored, with springs on his cables, nearer shore, to await the expected attack, which was not long deferred.

At 8 P. M.

four boats from the _Plantagenet_ and three from the _Rota_, containing in all 180 men, [Footnote: James, vi, 509: Both American accounts say 12 boats, with 400 men, and give the British loss as 250. According to my usual rule, I take each side's statement of its own force and loss.

] under the command of Lieutenant William Matterface, first of the _Rota_, pulled in toward the road, while the _Carnation_ accompanied them to attack the schooner if she got under way.

The boats pulled in under cover of a small reef of rocks, where they lay for some time, and about midnight made the attack.

The Americans opened with the pivot gun, and immediately afterward with their long 9's, while the boats replied with their carronades, and, pulling spiritedly on amidst a terrific fire of musketry from both sides, laid the schooner aboard on her bow and starboard quarter.

The struggle was savage enough, the British hacking at the nettings and trying to clamber up on deck, while the Americans fired their muskets and pistols in the faces of their assailants and thrust the foremost through with their long pikes.

The boats on the quarter were driven off; but on the forecastle all three of the American lieutenants were killed or disabled, and the men were giving back when Captain Reid led all the after-division up and drove the British back into their boats.

This put an end to the assault.

Two boats were sunk, most of the wounded being saved as the shore was so near; two others were captured, and but three of the scattered flotilla returned to the ships.

Of the Americans, 2 were killed, including the second lieutenant, Alexander O. Williams, and 7 were wounded, including the first and third lieutenants, Frederick A. Worth and Robert Johnson.

Of the British, 34 were killed and 86 were wounded; among the former being the Rota's first and third lieutenants, William Matterface and Charles R. Norman, and among the latter her second lieutenant and first lieutenant of marines, Richard Rawle and Thomas Park.

The schooner's long 24 had been knocked off its carriage by a carronade shot, but it was replaced and the deck cleared for another action.

Next day the _Carnation_ came in to destroy the privateer, but was driven off by the judicious use the latter made of her "Long Tom."

But affairs being now hopeless, the _General Armstrong_ was scuttled and burned, and the Americans retreated to the land.

The British squadron was bound for New Orleans, and on account of the delay and loss that it suffered, it was late in arriving, so that this action may be said to have helped in saving the Crescent City.

Few regular commanders could have done as well as Captain Reid.

On October 6th, while Gun-boat No. 160 was convoying some coasters from Savannah, it was carried by a British tender and nine boats.

[Footnote: Letter from Commander H. C.

Campbell, Oct.

12, 1814. ] The gun-vessel was lying at anchor about eight leagues from St. Mary's, and the boats approached with muffled oars early in the morning.

They were not discovered till nearly aboard, but the defence though short was spirited, the British losing about 20 men.

Of the gun-boat's 30 men but 16 were fit for action: those, under Sailing-master Thomas Paine, behaved well.

Mr. Paine, especially, fought with the greatest gallantry; his thigh was broken by a grape-shot at the very beginning, but he hobbled up on his other leg to resist the boarders, fighting till he was thrust through by a pike and had received two sabre cuts.

Any one of his wounds would have been enough to put an ordinary man _hors de combat_.

On October 11th, another desperate privateer battle took place.

The brigantine _Prince-de-Neufchatel_, Captain Ordronaux, of New York, was a superbly built vessel of 310 tons, mounting 17 guns, and originally possessing a crew of 150 men.

[Footnote: "History of American Privateers," by George Coggeshall, p. 241, New York, 1876. ] She had made a very successful cruise, having on board goods to the amount of ,000, but had manned and sent in so many prizes that only 40 of her crew were left on board, while 37 prisoners were confined in the hold.

One of her prizes was in company, but had drifted off to such a distance that she was unable to take part in the fight.

At mid-day, on the 11th of October, while off Nantucket, the British frigate _Endymion_, 40, Captain Henry Hope, discovered the privateer and made sail in chase.

[Footnote: James, vi, p. 527. ] At 8. 30 P.

M.

, a calm having come on, the frigate despatched 5 boats, containing 111 men, [Footnote: According to Captain Ordronaux; James does not give the number, but says 28 were killed, 37 wounded, and the crew of the launch captured.

Ten of the latter were unwounded, and 18 wounded.

I do not know if he included these last among his "37 wounded."

] under the command of the first lieutenant, Abel Hawkins, to take the brigantine; while the latter triced up the boarding nettings, loaded the guns with grape and bullets, and prepared herself in every way for the coming encounter.

She opened fire on the boats as they drew near, but they were soon alongside, and a most desperate engagement ensued.

Some of the British actually cut through the nettings and reached the deck, but were killed by the privateersmen;

and in a few minutes one boat was sunk, three others drifted off, and the launch, which was under the brigantine's stern, was taken possession of.

The slaughter had been frightful, considering the number of the combatants.

The victorious privateersmen had lost 7 killed, 15 badly and 9 slightly wounded, leaving but 9 untouched!

Of the _Endymion's_ men, James says 28, including the first lieutenant and a midshipman, were killed, and 37, including the second lieutenant and a master's mate, wounded; "besides which the launch was captured and the crew made prisoners."

I do not know if this means 37 wounded, _besides_ the wounded in the launch, or not [Footnote: I think James does not include the wounded in the launch, as he says 28 wounded were sent aboard the _Saturn_; this could hardly have included the men who had been captured.

]; of the prisoners captured 18 were wounded and 10 unhurt, so the loss was either 28 killed, 55 wounded, and 10 unhurt prisoners; or else 28 killed, 37 wounded, and 10 prisoners; but whether the total was 93 or 75 does not much matter.

It was a most desperate conflict, and, remembering how short-handed the brigantine was, it reflected the highest honor on the American captain and his crew.

After their repulse before Baltimore the British concentrated their forces for an attack upon New Orleans.

Accordingly a great fleet of line-of-battle ships, frigates, and smaller vessels, under Vice-Admiral Cochrane, convoying a still larger number of store-ships and transports, containing the army of General Packenham, appeared off the Chandeleur Islands on Dec.

8th.

The American navy in these parts consisted of the ship _Louisiana_ and schooner _Carolina_ in the Mississippi river, and in the shallow bayous a few gun-boats, of course without quarters, low in the water, and perfectly easy of entrance.

There were also a few tenders and small boats.

The British frigates and sloops anchored off the broad, shallow inlet called Lake Borgne on the 12th; on this inlet there were 5 gun-boats and 2 small tenders, under the command of Lieut.

Thomas Catesby Jones.

It was impossible for the British to transport their troops across Lake Borgne, as contemplated, until this flotilla was destroyed.

Accordingly, on the night of the 12th, 42 launches, armed with 24-, 18-, and 12-pounder carronades, and 3 unarmed gigs, carrying 980 seamen and marines, under the orders of Capt. Lockyer, [Footnote: James, vi, 521. ] pushed off from the _Armide_, 38, in three divisions;

the first under the command of Capt. Lockyer, the second under Capt. Montresor, and the third under Capt. Roberts.

[Footnote: Letter of Capt. Lockyer to Vice-Admiral Cochrane, Dec.

18, 1814. ] Lieut.

Jones was at anchor with his boats at the Malheureux Islands, when he discovered, on the 13th, the British flotilla advancing toward Port Christian.

He at once despatched the _Seahorse_ of one 6-pounder and 14 men, under Sailing-master William Johnston, to destroy the stores at Bay St. Louis.

She moored herself under the bank, where she was assisted by two 6-pounders.

There the British attacked her with seven of their smaller boats, which were repulsed after sustaining for nearly half an hour a very destructive fire.

[Footnote: James, vi, 521. ] However, Mr. Johnston had to burn his boat to prevent it from being taken by a larger force.

Meanwhile Lieut.

Jones got under way with the five gun-vessels, trying to reach Les Petites Coquilles, near a small fort at the mouth of a creek.

But as the wind was light and baffling, and the current very strong, the effort was given up, and the vessels came to anchor off Malheureux Island passage at 1 A.

M.

on the 14th.

[Footnote: Official letter of Lieut.

Jones, March 12, 1815. ] The other tender, the _Alligator_, Sailing-master Sheppard, of one 4-pounder and 8 men, was discovered next morning trying to get to her consorts, and taken with a rush by Capt. Roberts and his division.

At daybreak Lieut.

Jones saw the British boats about nine miles to the eastward, and moored his 5-gun vessel abreast in the channel, with their boarding nettings triced up, and every thing in readiness; but the force of the current drifted two of them, Nos.

156 and 163, a hundred yards down the pass and out of line, No. 156 being the headmost of all.

Their exact force was as follows: No. 156, Lieut.

Jones, 41 men and 5 guns (1 long 24 and 4 12-pound carronades); No. 163, Sailing-master Geo.

Ulrick, 21 men, 3 guns (1 long 24 and 2 12-pound carronades); No. 162, Lieut.

Robert Speddes, 35 men, 5 guns (1 long 24 and 4 light sixes); No. 5, Sailing-master John D. Ferris, 36 men, 5 guns (1 long 24, 4 12-pound carronades);

No. 23, Lieut.

Isaac McKeever, 39 men and 5 guns (1 long 32 and 4 light sixes).

There were thus, in all, 182 men and a broadside of 14 guns, throwing 212 pounds of shot.

The British forces amounted, as I have said, to 980 men, and (supposing they had equal numbers of 24's, 18's and 12's,) the flotilla threw seven hundred and fifty-eight pounds of shot.

The odds of course were not as much against the Americans as these figures would make them, for they were stationary, had some long, heavy guns and boarding nettings;

on the other hand the fact that two of their vessels had drifted out of line was a very serious misfortune.

At any rate, the odds were great enough, considering that he had British sailors to deal with, to make it any thing but a cheerful look-out for Lieut.

Jones;

but nowise daunted by the almost certain prospect of defeat the American officers and seamen prepared very coolly for the fight.

In this connection it should be remembered that simply to run the boats on shore would have permitted the men to escape, if they had chosen to do so.

[Illustration: The Battle of Lake Borgne: an early-19th-century painting by Thomas Hornbrook.

(Courtesy U. S.

Naval Academy Museum)] Captain Lockyer acted as coolly as his antagonist.

When he had reached a point just out of gun-shot, he brought the boats to a grapnel, to let the sailors eat breakfast and get a little rest after the fatigue of their long row.

When his men were rested and in good trim he formed the boats in open order, and they pulled gallantly on against the strong current.

At 10. 50 the Americans opened fire from their long guns, and in about 15 minutes the cannonade became general on both sides.

At 11. 50 [Footnote: Lieut.

Jones' letter.

] Captain Lockyer's barge was laid alongside No. 156, and a very obstinate struggle ensued, "in which the greater part of the officers and crew of the barge were killed or wounded," [Footnote: Captain Lockyer's letter.

] including among the latter the gallant captain himself, severely, and his equally gallant first lieutenant, Mr. Pratt, of the _Seahorse_ frigate, mortally.

At the same time Lieut.

Tatnall (of the _Tonnant_) also laid his barge aboard the gun-boat, only to have it sunk; another shared the same fate; and the assailants were for the moment repulsed.

But at this time Lieut.

Jones, who had shown as much personal bravery during the assault, as forethought in preparing for it, received a dangerous and disabling wound, while many of his men received the same fate;

the boarding nettings, too, had all been cut or shot away.

Several more barges at once assailed the boats, the command of which had devolved on a young midshipman, Mr. George Parker; the latter, fighting as bravely as his commander, was like him severely wounded, whereupon the boat was carried at 12. 10. Its guns were turned on No. 163, and this, the smallest of the gun-boats, was soon taken; then the British dashed at No. 162 and carried it, after a very gallant defence, in which Lieut.

Speddes was badly wounded.

No. 5 had her long 24 dismounted by the recoil, and was next carried; finally, No. 23, being left entirely alone, hauled down her flag at 12. 30. [Footnote: Minutes of the Court of Inquiry, held May 15, 1851. *] The Americans had lost 6 killed and 35 wounded; the British 17 killed and 77 (many mortally) wounded.

The greater part of the loss on both sides occurred in boarding No. 156, and also the next two gun-boats.

__________________________________ * Poster's note: the date 1851 above may well have been 1815 in the original; if you have a copy of this book, we would appreciate confirmation.

__________________________________ I have in this case, as usual, taken each commander's account of his own force and loss.

Lieut.

Jones states the British force to have been 1,000, which tallies almost exactly with their own account;

but believes that they lost 300 in killed and wounded.

Captain Lockyer, on the other hand, gives the Americans 225 men and three additional light guns.

But on the main points the two accounts agree perfectly.

The victors certainly deserve great credit for the perseverance, gallantry and dash they displayed; but still more belongs to the vanquished for the cool skill and obstinate courage with which they fought, although with the certainty of ultimate defeat before them,--which is always the severest test of bravery.

No comment is needed to prove the effectiveness of their resistance.

Even James says that the Americans made an obstinate struggle, that Lieut.

Jones displayed great personal bravery, and that the British loss was very severe.

On the night of Dec.

23d Gen. Jackson beat up the quarters of the British encamped on the bank of the Mississippi.

The attack was opened by Capt. Patterson in the schooner _Carolina_, 14; she was manned by 70 men, and mounted on each side six 12-pound carronades and one long 12. Dropping down the stream unobserved, till opposite the bivouac of the troops and so close to the shore that his first command to fire was plainly heard by the foe, Patterson opened a slaughtering cannonade on the flank of the British, and kept it up without suffering any loss in return, as long as the attack lasted.

But on the 27th the British had their revenge, attacking the little schooner as she lay at anchor, unable to ascend the current on account of the rapid current and a strong head-wind.

The assailants had a battery of 5 guns, throwing hot shot and shell, while the only gun of the schooner's that would reach was the long 12. After half an hour's fighting the schooner was set on fire and blown up; the crew escaped to the shore with the loss of 7 men killed and wounded.

The only remaining vessel, exclusive of some small, unarmed row-boats, was the _Louisiana_, 16, carrying on each side eight long 24's. She was of great assistance in the battle of the 28th, throwing during the course of the cannonade over 800 shot, and suffering very little in return.

[Footnote: Cooper, ii, p. 320. ] Afterward the American seamen and marines played a most gallant part in all the engagements on shore; they made very efficient artillerists.

SUMMARY.

The following vessels were got ready for sea during this year: [Footnote: Am.

State Papers, xiv, p. 828; also Emmons' statistical "History."

] Name.

Rig.