Victorian Literature — Chapter IV: The Critics. Part 4

Biography is the great medium of instruction and inspiration of that little band of Positive philosophers who accept their gospel from Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" they have translated into English.

"Study the 'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm for the new cult; "study it patiently, give it the time and thought you would not grudge to a new science or a new language; and then, whether you accept or reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably enlarged.

'But six stout volumes!'

exclaims the hesitating aspirant: Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be meditated as well as read.

I

admit that they 'give pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of philosophy would be read in the course of the year the undertaking seems less formidable.

No one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which will give unity to his life, would hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a year's study."

Among the most gifted of the Positivists is =Frederic Harrison (1831- )=, whose "Order and Progress," and "Choice of Books," are well known.

Among his companions in literary and religious warfare have been =James Cotter Morison (1831-1888)=, who wrote biographies of St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, "The Service of Man" which was a contribution to religious propaganda; and Richard Congreve (born 1818), who was a pupil of Dr Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many thoughtful political tracts.

An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment of his great work was made by =Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)=, who was born at Norwich, and was one of the most versatile of Victorian writers.

None of her work has stood the test of time, perhaps because she had so little of real genius, although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments.

Not the less readily should we recognise that she exercised considerable influence upon her own generation.

She wrote many stories dealing with social subjects, and tales illustrative of Political Economy, which dispersed many a popular illusion.

In a visit to America she learned to sympathise with the Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the day did so much in England to excite sympathy with the cause which ultimately proved victorious.

Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" were originally published in the _Daily News_, a journal to which she was for many years a regular contributor, and for which she wrote her own obituary notice.

Her historical work is mere compilation, destitute alike of originality and thoroughness, and the greater part of her other work has proved to be ephemeral.

Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" and "The Hour and the Man" have still admiring readers.

The publication of her "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) excited much controversy, although her fearless honesty won the respect even of her opponents.

A writer who distinguished himself most notably at one period by a combination of antagonism to Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for writing biography, was =John Morley (1838- )=.

Mr Morley was born at Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford.

Much of his work was done in journalism; he edited in succession the _Morning Star_, the _Literary Gazette_, the _Fortnightly Review_, the _Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_.

He resigned the editorship of the _Pall Mall Gazette_ in 1883, when he entered Parliament as member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on _Macmillan's Magazine_ on entering a Liberal Cabinet in 1886. He still edits the "English Men of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life of Burke."

His literary achievement, apart from his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was of enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful young men at the Universities during the seventies and eighties.

He has written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, which throw much light on the period prior to the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence that, had he not devoted himself to politics he would have been able to produce a history of the French Revolution of inestimable value.

On the other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure from a literary standpoint.

The essay "On Compromise" is a most interesting development of the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," and is probably the most exhaustive treatment of the question--how far we are justified in keeping back the expression of our opinions in deference to the views and customs of our fellow-men.

Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament time which might have been better employed, from the point of view of a lover of letters, is =Sir George Otto Trevelyan (1838- )=, whose life of his uncle, Lord Macaulay, is a delightful biography, full of entertainment for the most frivolous of readers.

Not less entertaining is Sir George Trevelyan's "Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880), a book which makes one wish that the writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and had done for the period of the Georges what his uncle had done for their immediate predecessors.

=Lord Houghton (1809-1885)= wrote poetry as Richard Monckton Milnes, and his lines are still frequently quoted.

But his biography of Keats--"Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)," although not now in any publisher's list, is certain to be long remembered.

Lord Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir Wemyss Reid, author also of a "Monograph on Charlotte Brontë."

His son, after serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the family, and is known as a writer of short stories.

Lord Houghton had a genuine love of letters and of the society of literary men.

So also had =Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867)=, whose diary edited by Dr Sadler (1869) brings one in touch with all the literary men and women of the period.

At his house in Russell Square Robinson gave breakfasts, to which it became a distinction to be invited.

=Samuel Rogers's (1763-1855)= breakfasts have been described in many memoirs.

Rogers wrote all his poems long years before the Queen began to reign, but he lived for another thirty years with the reputation of a good conversationalist and story-teller.

His "Table Talk" was published in 1856, and it is full of good stories.

Two valuable books concerning Rogers have been written by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries."

An important biography was written by =James Spedding (1810-1881)=, whose whole life was devoted to a study of Bacon, and to a thorough destruction of Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher.

The "Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional Works, newly collected and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical and Historical," was published in seven volumes between 1857 and 1874. Two of the most notable political philosophers of the era were George Cornewall Lewis and Bagehot.

=Sir George Lewis (1806-1863)= held important posts in the Governments of his day, being at one time Home Secretary and at another Secretary of State for War.

He wrote "A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government" and many other treatises.

=Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)= was one of the greatest authorities of his day on banking and finance.

He wrote "Physics and Politics," "Economic Studies," and several other works which have little relation to literature; but his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical acquaintance with the best books.

A brilliant publicist of our day, who combines, like Bagehot, a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, is =Goldwin Smith (1823- )=, who has made his home in Toronto, Canada, for many years now, but who was once intimately associated with Oxford University.

Goldwin Smith has written many books and pamphlets, one on "The Relations between England and America," another on "The Political Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short biography of Cowper.

The most famous traveller of the reign and one of our greatest men of letters was =George Borrow (1803-1881)=, who went to Spain as an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Hence his "Bible in Spain," which has become one of the most popular books in our language as it is one of the most fascinating.

It was first published in 1843 under the title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula."

"Lavengro" (1851) and "The Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed almost an equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain."

Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American citizen, and his work, therefore, does not come within the scope of this volume.

I am the more sorry for this, that I consider Melville's name is entitled to rank with that of George Borrow as one of the two travellers during the epoch whose books make literature.

It is small disparagement to the majority of our great travellers that they have not been men of letters, that their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of little moment considered from the standpoint of art.

Although Mr H. M.

Stanley, Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time, may be quite as important in the general drift of the world's doings as any of the literary men whose names are contained in this volume, their books have no place whatever in literature.

It is noteworthy, however, that books written by travellers have been, during the past ten years or more, by far the most popular form of reading, apart from fiction.

Interest in historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined;

interest in travel is as marked as ever.

The journalism of the reign has been so intimately associated with literature that were my space more ample I should have chosen to devote a chapter to that subject alone.

Many of the men I have mentioned, perhaps most of them, have at one time or another contributed to the journals or magazines of the day.

Even the novelists have a peculiar interest in journalism, because of late years as large a proportion of their pecuniary reward has come from what is called serial publication in this or that magazine or newspaper as from book publication.

Apart from fiction, access to magazines and newspapers has become, if it has not always been, an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon the subject nearest to one's heart.

Literary journalists, who have afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sydney Smith and John Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as also Douglas Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus Sala.

=Sydney Smith (1771-1845)= left nothing that we can read to-day.

He lives as a pleasant memory.

We know that he must have been a liberal-minded, as he was certainly a very witty clergyman.

He wrote on "The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church Bills" in 1838, and he went on writing zealously until his death.

"The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith" was published in 1861. =John Wilson (1785-1854)= has a more purely literary record.

As editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, he made that publication a power in the land.

His "Recreations of Christopher North" appeared in 1842. Many of his essays and sketches may still be read with real pleasure, and indeed his influence will be very much alive for many a year to come.

=Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857)= is also well known to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures."

His son, Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life.

=Mark Lemon (1809-1870)= was one of the first editors of _Punch_ newspaper.

His hundreds of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten, but his name will always receive honourable mention in the history of journalism.

=Edmund Yates (1831-1894)=, who founded _The World_ newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by his well written "Autobiography"--one of the best books of the kind ever issued.

Yates wrote many novels, but they have all passed out of memory.

=Charles Mackay (1814-1889)= was an active journalist for a number of years.

He wrote novels, poems, and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public Affairs."

Dr Mackay was father of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters of a Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli the novelist.

=George Augustus Sala (1828-1895)=, who wrote so continuously for the _Daily Telegraph_ and other journals, was also author of many books as well as the inevitable autobiography.

"The Land of the Golden Fleece," "America Revisited," and "Living London" are well known.

=Richard Jefferies (1848-1887)= published his "Gamekeeper at Home" in the _Pall Mall Gazette_.

"Wood Magic" (1881), "Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My Heart" (1883), are his best books.

These names suggest a hundred others.

The most honoured journalist of to-day is =Frederick Greenwood (1830- )=, who has edited "The Cornhill Magazine" and more than one newspaper.

He has written poems, stories, and essays, his "Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two of his latest volumes.

Another editor of _The Cornhill Magazine_, =James Payn (1830- )=, has written many successful novels, of which "Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) and "By Proxy" (1878) are perhaps the most popular.

Mr Payn's many accomplishments, his delightful humour and gift of genial anecdote, have endeared him to a wide circle.

A journalist of equal distinction was =Richard Holt Hutton (1826-1897)=, the editor of the _Spectator_, who in that journal maintained for thirty-five years the high-water mark of dignified and independent criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse of authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers of books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent criticism a difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible achievement.

Mr Hutton wrote many books, two of the most notable being "Essays Literary and Speculative," which were full of thoughtful and discerning estimates of the works of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers.

Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to translations.

Amiel's "Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, "Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of this literary taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning Napoleon I. represents another.

The most popular series of political memoirs in English we owed to =Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794-1865)=, who became Clerk to the Privy Council in 1821, and held that post until 1860. After his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry Reeve.

The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" dealing with the reign of George IV.

and William IV.

, appeared in 1875 and created immense excitement.

[19] The later volumes excited less interest.

"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by =Sir Theodore Martin (1816- )=, naturally contained no indiscretions although it did much to enhance, if that were possible, kindly memories of the Queen's husband.

Sir Theodore Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon Gaultier.

His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction with Professor Aytoun, had much success.

Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's "Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883).

He has translated the Odes of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's "Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads."

In 1885 he published a "Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice."

It is difficult to know where to place =Sir Arthur Helps (1817-1875)=, who wrote plays, novels, histories, and essays.

He was an overrated writer in his time.

He is perhaps underrated now.

Two series of "Friends in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, the second in 1859. They dealt with all manner of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," and so on, and were very popular.

Another volume, "Companions of my Solitude," was equally successful.

Helps was rash enough to enter into competition with Prescott in treating of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the picturesque books of the earlier writer are still with us while Helps's "Life of Pizarro" (1869) and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost forgotten.

That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" (1868) and of his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" and "Henry II."

Sir Arthur Helps was Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort" (1862).

Sir Arthur Helps also edited for =Queen Victoria (1819- )= her "Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1868).

The Queen has also published "The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort" (1867), and "More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1884).

Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine taste for letters, and a love for good poetry and good fiction.

With some show of authority it has been stated that her favourite novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss Austen, and Miss Brontë; while it is quite evident to the least inquisitive that many literary theologians have had some measure of her regard.

Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the patronage of the powerful.

To-day it can honourably stand alone.

But it is pleasing to remember that the sovereign whose sixty years of rule make so remarkable a record in literature, as in many other aspects of the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic interest in the books and bookmen of the epoch.

The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth and flicker out ignominiously; she will have seen many a writer hailed for immortal to-day and forgotten to-morrow.

She will have seen, however, a succession of writers, Browning and Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most notable of all, who in their impulse towards high ideals of human brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity, have given us a literature without a parallel in history; and she will not be without a sense of gratification that that literature will go down the ages bearing the name of Victorian.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, 233. [19] A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general feeling: "For fifty years he listened at the door, And heard some scandal, but invented more.

This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings, Appear before us quite as common things.

Most now are dead; yet some few still remain To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain;

For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,' They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D--l." INDEX

Abbott, Edwin.

Distinguished member of Broad Church party;

'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, 165. Abbott, Evelyn, 163. 'Adam Bede,' 49;

Reade on, 50. 'Addresses and Reviews,' 158. 'Admiral's Daughter, The,' 71. 'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' 61. 'Agnes Grey,' 47, 48. 'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' 144. 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. Ainsworth, W. H.

'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and 'Rookwood' his best novels, 67. 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63. Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), 74. 'Alexander the Great,' 33. 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' 64. Allen, Grant.

'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. 'All in All,' 39. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' 65. Allingham, William.

Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads;

edited _Fraser's Magazine_, 173. _All the Year Round_, 69. A.

L. O.

E.

(Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker).

Most popular stories, 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' and 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. 'Alton Locke,' 53. 'America Revisited,' 188. 'Amiel's Journal,' 189. 'And Shall Trelawney Die,' 38. 'Angel in the House, The,' 31. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. 'Animal Intelligence,' 157. 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. 'Annals of the Parish,' 63. 'Anthony Hope,' 63. 'Anthropology' (Tylor's), 99. 'Antiquity of Man, The,' 153. Anti-theological books.

The three most notable, 170. 'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,' 110. 'Appreciations,' 171. Archer, William, 175. Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, 163. Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' 102. (_Vide infra.

_) Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, 8;

his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, 17;

'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on contemporary religious thought, 18;

Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of criticism;

educational work, 19;

best known by his poetry, 19, 20, 171;

'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' 20;

'Thyrsis,' 21;

admiration for Emily Brontë, 47. Arnold, Sir Edwin.

'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' 26;

on Henry Kingsley, 56. Arnold, Thomas.

At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, 160;

at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known pupils, 161. (_Vide supra.

_) Ashley, Professor W. J.

'Economic History and Theory,' 144. _Athenæum_ The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, 73. 'Aurora Leigh,' 14. Austin, Alfred.

Laureate, 39;

'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc. , 40. 'Autobiography of W. B.

Scott,' 173. 'Autobiography' (Mill), 138, 142. 'Autobiography' (Yates), 188. 'Ave atque Vale,' 17. 'Ayrshire Legatees,' 63. Aytoun, Professor, 191. Bagehot, Walter.

A great authority on banking and finance;

'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' 184. Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' 28. Bain, Alexander.

Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral Science'; style, 147. Balfour, Francis Maitland, 151. 'Ballades in Blue China,' 30, 176. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' 176. 'Ballads for the Times,' 27. 'Ballot, The,' 187. Banim, John and Michael, 34. 'Barchester Towers,' 58. Barham, Richard Harris.

'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in _Bentley's Miscellany_; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all but forgotten, 30. 'Barnaby Rudge,' 42. Barnes, William.

Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. Barrie, J. M.

'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, 63. 'Barry Cornwall,' 35-36. _Beagle, The_, 154. 'Beau Austin,' 60. 'Beauchamp's Career,' 61. Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, 47, 48. Bentham, Jeremy, 137. Bentinck, Lord George.

Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, 57. Bentley, Robert, 151. _Bentley's Miscellany_ and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. Besant, Sir Walter.

'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' 65. 'Bevis,' 188. 'Bible Inspiration,' 168. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148-149. 'Biographical Sketches,' 180. 'Black but Comely,' 59. Black, William.

First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or Marriage,' 68;

'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. 'Black-eyed Susan,' 187. Blackmore, Richard Doddridge.

'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. _Blackwood's Magazine_, 49, 70, 74, 187. 'Blessed Damozel, The,' 23. Blind, Mathilde.

Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. 'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' 12. 'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), 191. 'Book of Verses,' 172. Boole.

The Logician, 147. Booth, Charles.

'Life and Labor of the People,' 144-145. 'Borderers, The,' 9. Borrow, George.

The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' 185. 'Botanic Garden, The,' 154. Braddon, Miss, 74. Bradley, Professor A. C.

Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and author of 'Ethical Studies,' 148. Brewer, Rev. John Sherren.

Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.

,' 88;

'The Reign of Henry VIII.

,' 89. Brewster, Sir David.

The first writer of the era to popularise science; founder of _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_; his 'Life of Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' still widely read, 150. 'Bride's Tragedy, The,' 36. _Bridgewater Treatises_, 153. Bright, James Franck.

'English History for the use of Public Schools,' 97. 'British Novelists and their Styles,' 177. Broad Church party, manifesto of, 162. Brontë, Anne.

'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' 47;

'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' 48. Brontë, Charlotte.

Early years, 46;

Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley';

'Villette'; marriage and death, 47;

Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' 71. Brontë, Emily.

'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The Old Stoic,' 47;

Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' 48. Brooke, Stopford Augustus.

Secession from the Church of England;

'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of Milton,' 166. Broughton, Miss Rhoda, 74. Browne, Hablot, 45. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 13;

not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children';

'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi Windows'; death, 14. Browning, Robert.

Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, 11;

superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as railway novels; his small audience, 12;

'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's appreciation; marriage, 13-14. Bryce, James.

'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, 104. Buckland, Frank.

Author of books on 'Natural History,' 153. Buckland, William.

Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' 153. Buckle, Henry Thomas.

'History of Civilization in England';

defects of, 103. Burney, Fanny, 49. Burton, John Hill.

'History of Scotland,' 96. 'By Proxy,' 189. Byron, death of, 5;

attitude towards Wordsworth, 8. Caird, Edward.

'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' 170. Cairnes, John Elliott, 143. 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.

, A,' 88.

'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89. 'Called to be Saints,' 22. 'Callista,' 111. Calverley, Charles Stuart.

One of the most famous successors of Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and Translations,' 30. Campbell, James Dykes.

Biographer of Coleridge, 178. Campbell, Lewis, 163. Carleton, William.

'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry';

'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' 66. Carlyle, Thomas.

Birth; education; his father's influence, 112;

as tutor; biographer; Madame de Staël's influence, 113;

veneration for Goethe, 113-114, 120-121;

'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' 113;

marriage; Richter's influence, 114;

personal character, 115-120;

domestic relations, 115-120;

Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, 115-116;

his influence, 118-119, 128;

intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' 119-120;

'Sartor Resartus'; _Fraser's Magazine_, 121;

influence of his teaching on younger minds, 122-123;

'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill;

Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, 123;

'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell';

'Frederick II.

of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' 124;

Mill on the 'French Revolution,' 125;

Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell';

his 'Frederick II.

,' 126-7;

his enormous personality, 127-8;

_Edinburgh Cyclopædia_, 150;

contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, 156. Carroll, Lewis.

'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the Looking-glass,' 64. 'Casa Guidi Windows,' 14. Cassels, Walter Richard.

Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. 'Catherine Douglas,' 191. 'Cave-hunting,' 99. 'Caxtons, The,' 56. Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), 104. Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, 33. _Challenger_ Expedition, The, 155. 'Channings, The,' 70. Chapman, Dr, 49. Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schönberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. 'Charles O'Malley,' 66. Charlesworth, Maria Louisa.

Author of 'Ministering Children,' 73. 'Chartist Parson, The,' 53. Chartist poets, 37. 'Childhood of Religion,' 99. 'Childhood of the World,' 99. 'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' 60. 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99. 'Choice of Books,' 179. 'Choir Invisible, The,' 50. 'Christian Evidences,' 160. 'Christian Year, The,' 159. 'Christowell,' 69. 'Church Bills, The,' 187. Church, Richard William.

Author of works on _Dante_ and _St Anselm_, 167. 'Cithara,' 27. 'City of Dreadful Night, The,' 32. 'Civilisation, History of,' 103. 'Classical' essays, 172. Clayden, Peter William, 183;

'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His Contemporaries,' 184. Clifford, Mrs W. K.

, 74. Clive, Mrs Archer.

Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. Clodd, Edward.

'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion';

'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. 'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' 58. Clough, Arthur Hugh, 21;

Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, 21. Colenso, John William.

'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, 164;

invited to the Abbey pulpit, 165. Coleridge, death of, 5;

on 'Thalaba,' 6;

Dykes Campbell's biography of, 178. Coleridge, Hartley, 35. Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, 7;

'Phantasmion,' 35. Collet, Miss Clara, 144. Collins, J. Churton, 178. Collins, William Wilkie.

The novelist of sensation.

'The Woman in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' 69. 'Companions of my Solitude,' 191. Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. Congreve, Richard.

A writer of thoughtful political tracts, 180. 'Coningsby,' 57. 'Conquest of England, The,' 98. 'Considerations on Representative Government,' 140. 'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), 78. ---- (May's), 80. ---- (Stubbs'), 79. Cook, Eliza.

Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the _Journal_, 29. Cooper, Thomas.

Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' &c. , 37. Conybeare, Rev. W.

J.

, 168. 'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' 155. Corelli, Miss Marie, 74. _Cornhill Magazine_, The, 45, 93, 133. 'Corn Law Rhymes,' 37. 'Count Cagliostro,' 125. 'Count Julian,' 15. Courthope, Professor W. J.

Pope's best biographer and editor;

'History of English Poetry,' 178. 'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' 89. Cowper, 6. 'Cowper's Grave,' 14. Cox, Sir George.

'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of Greece,' 100. Craik, Mrs, 72. _See_ Mulock.

Craik, Sir Henry.

A writer on Swift, 178. 'Cranford,' 71. 'Creed of Christendom, The,' 170. Creighton, Mandell.

'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome,' 103. Crewe, Earl of, 183. 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. Critics of the Era-- Abbott, Dr E. , 165. Allingham, W. , 173. Arnold, Dr, 160. Arnold, M. , 171. Ashley, Professor W. J.

, 144. Bagehot, W. , 184. Bain, A. , 147. Bentley, R. , 151. Booth, C. , 144. Borrow, G. , 185. Bradley, Professor A. C.

, 148. Brewster, Sir D. , 150. Brooke, S. A.

, 166. Buckland, Dean, 153. Buckland, F. , 153. Caird, E. , 170. Cairnes, J. E.

, 143. Campbell, J. D.

, 178. Cassels, W. R.

, 171. Church, R. W.

, 167. Clayden, P. W.

, 183. Clifford, W. K.

, 170. Colenso, J. W.

, 164. Collet, Miss C. , 144. Collins, C. , 178. Congreve, R. , 180. Conybeare, Rev. W.

J.

, 168. Courthope, Professor W. J.

, 178. Craik, Sir H. , 178. Cunningham, Dr, 144. Darwin, C. , 153. Dowden, E. , 173. Faraday, M. , 150. Farrar, F. W.

, 168. Fawcett, H. , 142. Ferrier, J. F.

, 169. Forster, J. , 178. Foster, M. , 151. Garnett, Dr, 174. Geikie, Sir A. , 153. Geikie, J. , 153. Gosse, E. , 175. Green, T. H.

, 147. Greenwood, F. , 188. Greg, W. R.

, 170. Greville, C. C. F.

, 190. Hamerton, P. G.

, 171. Harrison, F. , 179. Helps, Sir A. , 191. Henley, W. E.

, 172. Hooker, Sir J. , 151. Houghton, Lord, 183. Howson, J. S.

, 168. Hutton, R. H.

, 189. Huxley, T. H.

, 157. Jefferies, R. , 188. Jerrold, D. , 187. Jevons, W. S.

, 143. Jowett, B. , 162. Keble, J. , 159. King, R. A.

, 178. Knight, Professor, 178. Lang, A. , 176. Lemon, M. , 187. Leslie, T. E.

C.

, 144. Lewes, G. H.

, 148. Lewis, Sir G. C.

, 184. Liddon, H. P.

, 167. Lightfoot, J. B.

, 168. Lockhart, J. G.

, 177. Lyell, Sir C. , 152. Lynch, T. T.

, 166. Mackay, C. , 188. Manning, Cardinal, 169. Mansel, H. L.

, 169. Marshall, A. , 143. Martin, Sir T. , 190. Martineau, Dr J. , 166. Martineau, Miss, 180. Masson, D. , 177. Maurice, J. F.

D.

, 163. Mill, J. S.

, 137. Miller, H. , 151. Mivart, St G. , 151. Morison, J. C.

, 180. Morley, J. , 181. Murchison, Sir R. I.

, 152. Murray, Dr J. , 155. Myers, F. W.

H.