Maine Woods — The Allegash & East Branch, Section 33

SUNDAY, August 2. Was a cloudy and unpromising morning.

One of us observed to the Indian, “You did not stretch your moose-hide last night, did you, Mr. Polis?

” Whereat he replied, in a tone of surprise, though perhaps not of ill humor: “What you ask me that question for?

Suppose I stretch ’em, you see ’em.

May be your way talking, may be all right, no Indian way.

” I had observed that he did not wish to answer the same question more than once, and was often silent when it was put again for the sake of certainty, as if he were moody.

Not that he was incommunicative, for he frequently commenced a long-winded narrative of his own accord,--repeated at length the tradition of some old battle, or some passage in the recent history of his tribe in which he had acted a prominent part, from time to time drawing a long breath, and resuming the thread of his tale, with the true story-teller’s leisureliness, perhaps after shooting a rapid,--prefacing with “We-e-ll, by-by,” etc. , as he paddled along.

Especially after the day’s work was over, and he had put himself in posture for the night, he would be unexpectedly sociable, exhibit even the _bonhommie_ of a Frenchman, and we would fall asleep before he got through his periods.

Nicketow is called eleven miles from Mattawamkeag by the river.

Our camp was, therefore, about nine miles from the latter place.

The Indian was quite sick this morning with the colic.

I thought that he was the worse for the moose-meat he had eaten.

We reached the Mattawamkeag at half past eight in the morning, in the midst of a drizzling rain, and, after buying some sugar, set out again.

The Indian growing much worse, we stopped in the north part of Lincoln to get some brandy for him; but failing in this, an apothecary recommended Brandreth’s pills, which he refused to take, because he was not acquainted with them.

He said to me, “Me doctor,--first study my case, find out what ail ’em,--then I know what to take.

” We dropped down a little farther, and stopped at mid-forenoon on an island and made him a dipper of tea.

Here, too, we dined and did some washing and botanizing, while he lay on the bank.

In the afternoon we went on a little farther, though the Indian was no better.

“Burntibus,” as he called it, was a long, smooth, lake-like reach below the Five Islands.

He said that he owned a hundred acres somewhere up this way.

As a thunder-shower appeared to be coming up, we stopped opposite a barn on the west bank, in Chester, about a mile above Lincoln.

Here at last we were obliged to spend the rest of the day and night, on account of our patient, whose sickness did not abate.

He lay groaning under his canoe on the bank, looking very woebegone, yet it was only a common case of colic.

You would not have thought, if you had seen him lying about thus, that he was the proprietor of so many acres in that neighborhood, was worth six thousand dollars, and had been to Washington.

It seemed to me that, like the Irish, he made a greater ado about his sickness than a Yankee does, and was more alarmed about himself.

We talked somewhat of leaving him with his people in Lincoln,--for that is one of their homes,--and taking the stage the next day, but he objected on account of the expense saying, “Suppose me well in morning, you and I go Oldtown by noon.

” As we were taking our tea at twilight, while he lay groaning still under his canoe, having at length found out “what ail him,” he asked me to get him a dipper of water.

Taking the dipper in one hand he seized his powder-horn with the other, and, pouring into it a charge or two of powder, stirred it up with his finger, and drank it off.

This was all he took to-day after breakfast beside his tea.

To save the trouble of pitching our tent, when we had secured our stores from wandering dogs, we camped in the solitary half-open barn near the bank, with the permission of the owner, lying on new-mown hay four feet deep.

The fragrance of the hay, in which many ferns, etc. , were mingled, was agreeable, though it was quite alive with grasshoppers which you could hear crawling through it.

This served to graduate our approach to houses and feather beds.

In the night some large bird, probably an owl, flitted through over our heads, and very early in the morning we were awakened by the twittering of swallows which had their nests there.

* * * * * MONDAY, August 3. We started early before breakfast, the Indian being considerably better, and soon glided by Lincoln, and after another long and handsome lake-like reach, we stopped to breakfast on the west shore, two or three miles below this town.

We frequently passed Indian islands with their small houses on them.

The Governor, Aitteon, lives in one of them, in Lincoln.

The Penobscot Indians seem to be more social, even, than the whites.

Ever and anon in the deepest wilderness of Maine, you come to the log hut of a Yankee or Canada settler, but a Penobscot never takes up his residence in such a solitude.

They are not even scattered about on their islands in the Penobscot, which are all within the settlements, but gathered together on two or three,--though not always on the best soil,--evidently for the sake of society.

I saw one or two houses not now used by them, because, as our Indian Polis said, they were too solitary.

The small river emptying in at Lincoln is the Matanancook, which also, we noticed, was the name of a steamer moored there.

So we paddled and floated along, looking into the mouths of rivers.

When passing the Mohawk Rips, or, as the Indian called them, “Mohog lips,” four or five miles below Lincoln, he told us at length the story of a fight between his tribe and the Mohawks there, anciently,--how the latter were overcome by stratagem, the Penobscots using concealed knives,--but they could not for a long time kill the Mohawk chief, who was a very large and strong man, though he was attacked by several canoes at once, when swimming alone in the river.

From time to time we met Indians in their canoes, going up river.

Our man did not commonly approach them, but exchanged a few words with them at a distance in his tongue.

These were the first Indians we had met since leaving the Umbazookskus.

At Piscataquis Falls, just above the river of that name, we walked over the wooden railroad on the eastern shore, about one and a half miles long, while the Indian glided down the rapids.

The steamer from Oldtown stops here, and passengers take a new boat above.

Piscataquis, whose mouth we here passed, means “branch.

” It is obstructed by falls at its mouth, but can be navigated with batteaux or canoes above through a settled country, even to the neighborhood of Moosehead Lake, and we had thought at first of going that way.

We were not obliged to get out of the canoe after this on account of falls or rapids, nor, indeed, was it quite necessary here.

We took less notice of the scenery to-day, because we were in quite a settled country.

The river became broad and sluggish, and we saw a blue heron winging its way slowly down the stream before us.

We passed the Passadumkeag River on our left and saw the blue Olamon mountains at a distance in the southeast.

Hereabouts our Indian told us at length the story of their contention with the priest respecting schools.

He thought a great deal of education and had recommended it to his tribe.

His argument in its favor was, that if you had been to college and learnt to calculate, you could “keep ’em property,--no other way.

” He said that his boy was the best scholar in the school at Oldtown, to which he went with whites.

He himself is a Protestant, and goes to church regularly at Oldtown.

According to his account, a good many of his tribe are Protestants, and many of the Catholics also are in favor of schools.

Some years ago they had a schoolmaster, a Protestant, whom they liked very well.

The priest came and said that they must send him away, and finally he had such influence, telling them that they would go to the bad place at last if they retained him, that they sent him away.

The school party, though numerous, were about giving up.

Bishop Fenwick came from Boston and used his influence against them.

But our Indian told his side that they must not give up, must hold on, they were the strongest.

If they gave up, then they would have no party.

But they answered that it was “no use, priest too strong, we’d better give up.

” At length he persuaded them to make a stand.

The priest was going for a sign to cut down the liberty-pole.

So Polis and his party had a secret meeting about it; he got ready fifteen or twenty stout young men, “stript ’em naked, and painted ’em like old times,” and told them that when the priest and his party went to cut down the liberty-pole, they were to rush up, take hold of it, and prevent them, and he assured them that there would be no war, only a noise,--“no war where priest is.

” He kept his men concealed in a house near by, and when the priest’s party were about to cut down the liberty-pole, the fall of which would have been a death-blow to the school party, he gave a signal, and his young men rushed out and seized the pole.

There was a great uproar, and they were about coming to blows, but the priest interfered, saying, “No war, no war,” and so the pole stands, and the school goes on still.

We thought that it showed a good deal of tact in him, to seize this occasion and take his stand on it; proving how well he understood those with whom he had to deal.

The Olamon River comes in from the east in Greenbush a few miles below the Passadumkeag.

When we asked the meaning of this name, the Indian said there was an island opposite its mouth which was called _Olarmon_; that in old times, when visitors were coming to Oldtown, they used to stop there to dress and fix up or paint themselves.

“What is that which ladies used?

” he asked.

Rouge?

Red Vermilion?

“Yer,” he said, “that is _larmon_, a kind of clay or red paint, which they used to get here.

” We decided that we, too, would stop at this island, and fix up our inner man, at least, by dining.

It was a large island, with an abundance of hemp nettle, but I did not notice any kind of red paint there.

The Olamon River, at its mouth at least, is a dead stream.

There was another large island in that neighborhood, which the Indian called “_Soogle_” (_i.

e. _, Sugar) Island.

About a dozen miles before reaching Oldtown he inquired, “How you like ’em your pilot?

” But we postponed an answer till we had got quite back again.

The Sunkhaze, another short dead stream, comes in from the east two miles above Oldtown.

There is said to be some of the best deer ground in Maine on this stream.

Asking the meaning of this name, the Indian said, “Suppose you are going down Penobscot, just like we, and you see a canoe come out of bank and go along before you, but you no see ’em stream.

That is _Sunkhaze_.

” He had previously complimented me on my paddling, saying that I paddled “just like anybody,” giving me an Indian name which meant “great paddler.

” When off this stream he said to me, who sat in the bows, “Me teach you paddle.

” So, turning toward the shore, he got out, came forward, and placed my hands as he wished.

He placed one of them quite outside the boat, and the other parallel with the first, grasping the paddle near the end, not over the flat extremity, and told me to slide it back and forth on the side of the canoe.

This, I found, was a great improvement which I had not thought of, saving me the labor of lifting the paddle each time, and I wondered that he had not suggested it before.

It is true, before our baggage was reduced we had been obliged to sit with our legs drawn up, and our knees above the side of the canoe, which would have prevented our paddling thus, or perhaps he was afraid of wearing out his canoe, by constant friction on the side.

I told him that I had been accustomed to sit in the stern, and, lifting my paddle at each stroke, give it a twist in order to steer the boat, only getting a pry on the side each time, and I still paddled partly as if in the stern.

He then wanted to see me paddle in the stern.

So, changing paddles, for he had the longer and better one, and turning end for end, he sitting flat on the bottom and I on the crossbar, he began to paddle very hard, trying to turn the canoe, looking over his shoulder and laughing; but finding it in vain, he relaxed his efforts, though we still sped along a mile or two very swiftly.

He said that he had no fault to find with my paddling in the stern, but I complained that he did not paddle according to his own directions in the bows.

Opposite the Sunkhaze is the main boom of the Penobscot, where the logs from far up the river are collected and assorted.

As we drew near to Oldtown I asked Polis if he was not glad to get home again; but there was no relenting to his wildness, and he said, “It makes no difference to me where I am.

” Such is the Indian’s pretense always.

We approached the Indian Island through the narrow strait called “Cook.

” He said, “I ’xpect we take in some water there, river so high,--never see it so high at this season.

Very rough water there, but short; swamp steamboat once.

Don’t you paddle till I tell you, then you paddle right along.

” It was a very short rapid.

When we were in the midst of it he shouted “paddle,” and we shot through without taking in a drop.

Soon after the Indian houses came in sight, but I could not at first tell my companion which of two or three large white ones was our guide’s. He said it was the one with blinds.

We landed opposite his door at about four in the afternoon, having come some forty miles this day.

From the Piscataquis we had come remarkably and unaccountably quick, probably as fast as the stage or the boat, though the last dozen miles was dead water.

Polis wanted to sell us his canoe, said it would last seven or eight years, or with care, perhaps ten; but we were not ready to buy it.

We stopped for an hour at his house, where my companion shaved with his razor, which he pronounced in very good condition.

Mrs. P.

wore a hat and had a silver brooch on her breast, but she was not introduced to us.

The house was roomy and neat.

A large new map of Oldtown and the Indian Island hung on the wall, and a clock opposite to it.

Wishing to know when the cars left Oldtown, Polis’s son brought one of the last Bangor papers, which I saw was directed to “Joseph Polis,” from the office.

This was the last that I saw of Joe Polis.

We took the last train, and reached Bangor that night.

FOOTNOTE:

[8] These twigs are called in Rasle’s Dictionary _Sediak_.

APPENDIX

I. TREES

The prevailing trees (I speak only of what I saw) on the east and west branches of the Penobscot and on the upper part of the Allegash were the fir, spruce (both black and white), and arbor-vitæ, or “cedar.

” The fir has the darkest foliage, and, together with the spruce, makes a very dense “black growth,” especially on the upper parts of the rivers.

A dealer in lumber with whom I talked called the former a weed, and it is commonly regarded as fit neither for timber nor fuel.

But it is more sought after as an ornamental tree than any other evergreen of these woods except the arbor-vitæ.

The black spruce is much more common than the white.

Both are tall and slender trees.

The arbor-vitæ, which is of a more cheerful hue, with its light-green fans, is also tall and slender, though sometimes two feet in diameter.

It often fills the swamps.

Mingled with the former, and also here and there forming extensive and more open woods by themselves, indicating, it is said, a better soil, were canoe and yellow birches (the former was always at hand for kindling a fire,--we saw no small white birches in that wilderness), and sugar and red maples.

The aspen (_Populus tremuloides_) was very common on burnt grounds.

We saw many straggling white pines, commonly unsound trees, which had therefore been skipped by the choppers; these were the largest trees we saw; and we occasionally passed a small wood in which this was the prevailing tree; but I did not notice nearly so many of these trees as I can see in a single walk in Concord.

The speckled or hoary alder (_Alnus incana_) abounds everywhere along the muddy banks of rivers and lakes, and in swamps.

Hemlock could commonly be found for tea, but was nowhere abundant.

Yet F. A.

Michaux states that in Maine, Vermont, and the upper part of New Hampshire, etc. , the hemlock forms three fourths of the evergreen woods, the rest being black spruce.

It belongs to cold hillsides.

The elm and black ash were very common along the lower and stiller parts of the streams, where the shores were flat and grassy or there were low gravelly islands.

They made a pleasing variety in the scenery, and we felt as if nearer home while gliding past them.

The above fourteen trees made the bulk of the woods which we saw.

The larch (juniper), beech, and Norway pine (_Pinus resinosa_, red pine) were only occasionally seen in particular places.

The _Pinus Banksiana_ (gray or Northern scrub pine), and a single small red oak (_Quercus rubra_) only, are on islands in Grand Lake, on the East Branch.

The above are almost all peculiarly Northern trees, and found chiefly, if not solely, on mountains southward.

II. FLOWERS AND SHRUBS

It appears that in a forest like this the great majority of flowers, shrubs, and grasses are confined to the banks of the rivers and lakes, and to the meadows, more open swamps, burnt lands, and mountain-tops;

comparatively very few indeed penetrate the woods.

There is no such dispersion even of wild-flowers as is commonly supposed, or as exists in a cleared and settled country.

Most of our wild-flowers, so called, may be considered as naturalized in the localities where they grow.

Rivers and lakes are the great protectors of such plants against the aggressions of the forest, by their annual rise and fall keeping open a narrow strip where these more delicate plants have light and space in which to grow.

They are the _protégés_ of the rivers.

These narrow and straggling bands and isolated groups are, in a sense, the pioneers of civilization.

Birds, quadrupeds, insects, and man also, in the main, follow the flowers, and the latter in his turn makes more room for them and for berry-bearing shrubs, birds, and small quadrupeds.

One settler told me that not only blackberries and raspberries but mountain maples came in, in the clearing and burning.

Though plants are often referred to primitive woods as their locality, it cannot be true of very many, unless the woods are supposed to include such localities as I have mentioned.

Only those which require but little light, and can bear the drip of the trees, penetrate the woods, and these have commonly more beauty in their leaves than in their pale and almost colorless blossoms.

The prevailing flowers and conspicuous small plants of the _woods_, which I noticed, were: _Clintonia borealis_, linnæa, checkerberry (_Gaultheria procumbens_), _Aralia nudicaulis_ (wild sarsaparilla), great round-leaved orchis, _Dalibarda repens_, _Chiogenes hispidula_ (creeping snowberry), _Oxalis Acetosella_ (common wood-sorrel), _Aster acuminatus_, _Pyrola secunda_ (one-sided pyrola), _Medeola Virginica_ (Indian cucumber-root), small _Circæa_ (enchanter’s nightshade), and perhaps _Cornus Canadensis_ (dwarf cornel).

Of these, the last of July, 1858, only the _Aster acuminatus_ and great round-leaved orchis were conspicuously in bloom.

The most common flowers of the _river_ and _lake shores_ were: _Thalictrum cornuti_ (meadow-rue); _Hypericum ellipticum_, _mutilum_, and _Canadense_ (St. John’s-wort); horsemint; horehound, _Lycopus Virginicus_ and _Europæus_, var.

_sinuatus_ (bugle-weed); _Scutellaria galericulata_ (skullcap); _Solidago lanceolata_ and _squarrosa_, East Branch, (goldenrod); _Diplopappus umbellatus_ (double-bristled aster);

_Aster Radula_; _Cicuta maculata_ and _bulbifera_ (water hemlock);

meadow-sweet; _Lysimachia stricta_ and _ciliata_ (loosestrife);

_Galium trifidum_ (small bed-straw); _Lilium Canadense_ (wild yellow lily); _Platanthera peramœna_ and _psycodes_ (great purple orchis and small purple fringed orchis); _Mimulus ringens_ (monkey-flower);

dock (water); blue flag; _Hydrocotyle Americana_ (marsh pennywort);

_Sanicula Canadensis_ (_?

_) (black snake-root); _Clematis Virginiana_ (_?

_) (common virgin’s-bower); _Nasturtium palustre_ (marsh cress);

_Ranunculus recurvatus_ (hooked crow-foot); _Asclepias incarnata_ (swamp milkweed); _Aster Tradescanti_ (Tradescant’s aster); _Aster miser_, also _longifolius_; _Eupatorium purpureum_, apparently, lake shores, (Joe-Pye-weed); _Apocynum Cannabinum_, East Branch, (Indian hemp); _Polygonum cilinode_ (bindweed); and others.

Not to mention, among inferior orders, wool-grass and the sensitive fern.

In the water, _Nuphar advena_ (yellow pond-lily), some _potamogetons_ (pond-weed), _Sagittaria variabilis_ (arrowhead), _Sium lineare_ (_?

_) (water-parsnip).

Of these, those conspicuously in flower the last of July, 1857, were: rue, _Solidago lanceolata_ and _squarrosa_, _Diplopappus umbellatus_, _Aster Radula_, _Lilium Canadense_, great and small purple orchis, _Mimulus ringens_, blue flag, virgin’s-bower, etc. The characteristic flowers in _swamps_ were: _Rubus triflorus_ (dwarf raspberry); _Calla palustris_ (water-arum); and _Sarracenia purpurea_ (pitcher-plant).

On _burnt grounds_: _Epilobium angustifolium_, in full bloom, (great willow-herb); and _Erechthites hieracifolia_ (fire-weed).

On _cliffs_: _Campanula rotundifolia_ (harebell); _Cornus Canadensis_ (dwarf cornel); _Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi_ (bear-berry);

_Potentilla tridentata_ (mountain cinquefoil); _Pteris aquilina_ (common brake).

At _old camps, carries, and logging-paths_: _Cirsium arvense_ (Canada thistle); _Prunella vulgaris_ (common self-heal);

clover; herd’s-grass; _Achillea millefolium_ (common yarrow);

_Leucanthemum vulgare_ (whiteweed); _Aster macrophyllus_; _Halenia deflexa_, East Branch, (spurred gentian); _Antennaria margaritacea_ (pearly everlasting); _Actæa rubra_ and _alba_, wet carries, (red and white cohosh); _Desmodium Canadense_ (tick-trefoil); sorrel.

The handsomest and most interesting flowers were the great purple orchises, rising ever and anon, with their great purple spikes perfectly erect, amid the shrubs and grasses of the shore.

It seemed strange that they should be made to grow there in such profusion, seen of moose and moose-hunters only, while they are so rare in Concord.

I

have never seen this species flowering nearly so late with us, or with the small one.

The prevailing underwoods were: _Dirca palustris_ (moose-wood), _Acer spicatum_ (mountain maple), _Virburnum lantanoides_ (hobble-bush), and frequently _Taxus baccata_, var.

_Canadensis_ (American yew).

The prevailing shrubs and small trees along the shore were: _osier rouge_ and alders (before mentioned); sallows, or small willows, of two or three kinds, as _Salis humilis_, _rostrata_, and _discolor_ (_?

_); _Sambucus Canadensis_ (black elder); rose; _Viburnum Opulus_ and _nudum_ (cranberry-tree and withe-rod); _Pyrus Americana_ (American mountain-ash); _Corylus rostrata_ (beaked hazelnut);

_Diervilla trifida_ (bush honeysuckle); _Prunus Virginiana_ (choke-cherry); _Myrica gale_ (sweet-gale); _Nemopanthes Canadensis_ (mountain holly); _Cephalanthus occidentalis_ (button-bush); _Ribes prostratum_, in some places, (fetid currant).

More particularly of shrubs and small trees in _swamps_: some willows, _Kalmia glauca_ (pale laurel), _Ledum latifolium_ and _palustre_ (Labrador tea), _Ribes lacustre_ (swamp gooseberry), and in one place _Betula pumila_ (low birch).

At _camps and carries_: raspberry, _Vaccinium Canadense_ (Canada blueberry), _Prunus Pennsylvanica_ (also alongshore) (wild red cherry), _Amelanchier Canadensis_ (shad-bush), _Sambucus pubens_ (red-berried elder).

Among those peculiar to the _mountains_ would be the _Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa_ (cow-berry).

Of plants commonly regarded as _introduced_ from Europe, I observed at Ansel Smith’s clearing, Chesuncook, abundant in 1857: _Ranunculus acris_ (buttercups); _Plantago major_ (common plantain); _Chenopodium album_ (lamb’s-quarters); _Capsella Bursa-pastoris_, 1853, (shepherd’s-purse); _Spergula arvensis_, also north shore of Moosehead in 1853, and elsewhere, 1857, (corn-spurry); _Taraxacum Dens-leonis_--regarded as indigenous by Gray, but evidently introduced there--(common dandelion); _Polygonum Persicaria_ and _hydropiper_, by a logging-path in woods at Smith’s, (lady’s-thumb and smart-weed);

_Rumex Acetosella_, common at carries, (sheep sorrel); _Trifolium pratense_, 1853, on carries, frequent, (red clover); _Leucanthemum vulgare_, carries, (whiteweed); _Phleum pratense_, carries, 1853 and 1857, (herd’s-grass); _Verbena hastata_ (blue vervain); _Cirsium arvense_, abundant at camps, 1857, (Canada thistle); _Rumex crispus_ (_?

_), West Branch, 1853 (?

), (curled dock); _Verbascum Thapsus_, between Bangor and lake, 1853, (common mullein).

It appears that I saw about a dozen plants which had accompanied man as far into the woods as Chesuncook, and had naturalized themselves there, in 1853. Plants begin thus early to spring by the side of a logging-path,--a mere vista through the woods, which can only be used in the winter, on account of the stumps and fallen trees,--which at length are the roadside plants in old settlements.

The pioneers of such are planted in part by the first cattle, which cannot be summered in the woods.

III. LIST OF PLANTS

The following is a list of the plants which I noticed in the Maine woods, in the years 1853 and 1857. (Those marked * not in woods.

) 1. THOSE WHICH ATTAINED THE HEIGHT OF TREES

_Alnus incana_ (speckled or hoary alder), abundant along streams, etc. _Thuja occidentalis_ (American arbor-vitæ), one of the prevailing.

_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ (black ash), very common, especially near dead water.

The Indian spoke of “yellow ash” as also found there.

_Populus tremuloides_ (American aspen), very common, especially on burnt lands, almost as white as birches.

_Populus grandidentata_ (large-toothed aspen), perhaps two or three.

_Fagus ferruginea_ (American beech), not uncommon, at least on the West Branch.

(Saw more in 1846. ) _Betula papyracea_ (canoe birch), prevailing everywhere and about Bangor.

_Betula excelsa_ (yellow birch), very common.

_Betula lenta_ (black birch), on the West Branch in 1853. _Betula alba_ (American white birch), about Bangor only.

_Ulmus Americana_ (American or white elm), West Branch and low down the East Branch, _i.

e. _ on the lower and alluvial part of the river, very common.

_Larix Americana_ (American or black larch), very common on the Umbazookskus; some elsewhere.

_Abies Canadensis_ (hemlock spruce); not abundant; some on the West Branch, and a little everywhere.

_Acer saccharinum_ (sugar maple), very common.

_Acer rubrum_ (red or swamp maple), very common.

_Acer dasycarpum_ (white or silver maple), a little low on East Branch and in Chesuncook woods.

_Quercus rubra_ (red oak), one on an island in Grand Lake, East Branch, and, according to a settler, a few on the east side of Chesuncook Lake; a few also about Bangor in 1853. _Pinus Strobus_ (white pine), scattered along, most abundant at Heron Lake.

_Pinus resinosa_ (red pine), Telos and Grand Lake, a little afterwards here and there.

_Abies balsamea_ (balsam fir), perhaps the most common tree, especially in the upper parts of rivers.

_Abies nigra_ (black or double spruce), next to the last the most common, if not equally common, and on mountains.

_Abies alba_ (white or single spruce), common with the last along the rivers.

_Pinus Banksiana_ (gray or Northern scrub pine), a few on an island in Grand Lake.

Twenty-three in all (23).

2. SMALL TREES AND SHRUBS

_Prunus depressa_ (dwarf cherry), on gravel-bars, East Branch, near Hunt’s, with green fruit; obviously distinct from the _pumila_ of river and meadows.

_Vaccinium corymbosum_ (common swamp blueberry), Bucksport.

_Vaccinium Canadense_ (Canada blueberry), carries and rocky hills everywhere as far south as Bucksport.

_Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum_ (dwarf-blueberry?

), Whetstone Falls.

_Betula pumila_ (low birch), Mud Pond Swamp.

_Prinos verticillatus_ (black alder), 1857, now placed with _Ilex_ by Gray, 2d ed.

_Cephalanthus occidentalis_ (button-bush).

_Prunus Pennsylvanica_ (wild red cherry), very common at camps, carries, etc. , along rivers; fruit ripe August 1, 1857. _Prunus Virginiana_ (choke-cherry), riverside, common.

_Cornus alternifolia_ (alternate-leaved cornel), West Branch, 1853. _Ribes prostratum_ (fetid currant), common along streams; on Webster Stream.

_Sambucus Canadensis_ (common elder), common along riversides.

_Sambucus pubens_ (red-berried elder), not quite so common; roadsides toward Moosehead, and on carries afterward; fruit beautiful.

_Ribes lacustre_ (swamp-gooseberry), swamps, common; Mud Pond Swamp and Webster Stream; not ripe July 29, 1857. _Corylus rostrata_ (beaked hazelnut), common.

_Taxus baccata_, var.

_Canadensis_ (American yew), a common undershrub at an island in West Branch and Chesuncook woods.

_Viburnum lantanoides_ (hobble-bush), common, especially in Chesuncook woods; fruit ripe in September, 1853, not in July, 1857. _Viburnum Opulus_ (cranberry-tree), on West Branch; one in flower still, July 25, 1857. _Viburnum nudum_ (withe-rod), common along rivers.

_Kalmia glauca_ (pale laurel), swamps, common, as at Moosehead Carry and Chamberlain Swamp.

_Kalmia angustifolia_ (lambkill), with _Kalmia glauca_.

_Acer spicatum_ (mountain maple), a prevailing underwood.

_Acer striatum_ (striped maple), in fruit July 30, 1857; green the first year; green, striped with white, the second; darker, the third, with dark blotches.

_Cornus stolonifera_ (red-osier dogwood), prevailing shrub on shore of West Branch; fruit still white in August, 1857. _Pyrus Americana_ (American mountain-ash), common along shores.

_Amelanchier Canadensis_ (shad-bush), rocky carries, etc. , considerable fruit in 1857. _Rubus strigosus_ (wild red raspberry), very abundant, burnt grounds, camps, and carries, but not ripe till we got to Chamberlain dam and on East Branch.

_Rosa Carolina_ (swamp rose), common on the shores of lakes, etc. _Rhus typhina_* (staghorn sumach).

_Myrica Gale_ (sweet-gale), common.

_Nemopanthes Canadensis_ (mountain holly), common in low ground, Moosehead Carry, and on Mount Kineo.

_Cratægus_ (_coccinea_?

scarlet-fruited thorn), not uncommon; with hard fruit in September, 1853. _Salix_ (near to _petiolaris_, petioled willow), very common in Umbazookskus meadows.

_Salix rostrata_ (long-beaked willow), common.

_Salix humilis_ (low bush willow), common.

_Salix discolor_ (glaucous willow) (?

).

_Salix lucida_ (shining willow), at island in Heron Lake.

_Dirca palustris_ (moose-wood), common.

In all, 38. 3. SMALL SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS

_Agrimonia Eupatoria_ (common agrimony), not uncommon.

_Circæa alpina_ (enchanter’s nightshade), very common in woods.

_Nasturtium palustre_ (marsh cress), var.

_hispidum_, common, as at A. Smith’s. _Aralia hispida_ (bristly sarsaparilla), on West Branch, both years.

_Aralia nudicaulis_ (wild sarsaparilla), Chesuncook woods.

_Sagittaria variabilis_ (arrowhead), common at Moosehead and afterward.

_Arum triphyllum_ (Indian turnip), now _arisæma_, Moosehead Carry in 1853. _Asclepias incarnata_ (swamp milkweed), Umbazookskus River and after;

redder than ours, and a different variety from our var.

_pulchra_.

_Aster acuminatus_ (pointed-leaved aster), the prevailing aster in woods, not long open on South Branch, July 31; two or more feet high.

_Aster macrophyllus_ (large-leaved aster), common, and the whole plant surprisingly fragrant, like a medicinal herb; just out at Telos Dam, July 29, 1857, and after to Bangor and Bucksport; bluish flower (in woods on Pine Stream and at Chesuncook in 1853).

_Aster Radula_ (rough-leaved aster), common, Moosehead Carry and after.

_Aster miser_ (petty aster), in 1853 on West Branch, and common on Chesuncook shore.

_Aster longifolius_ (willow-leaved blue aster), 1853, Moosehead and Chesuncook shores.

_Aster cordifolius_ (heart-leaved aster), 1853, West Branch.

_Aster Tradescanti_ (Tradescant’s aster), 1857. A narrow-leaved one, Chesuncook shore, 1853. _Aster_, _longifolius_-like, with small flowers, West Branch, 1853. _Aster puniceus_ (rough-stemmed aster), Pine Stream.

_Diplopappus umbellatus_ (large diplopappus aster), common along river.

_Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi_ (bear-berry), Kineo, etc. , 1857. _Polygonum cilinode_ (fringe-jointed false-buckwheat), common.

_Bidens cernua_ (bur-marigold), 1853, West Branch.

_Ranunculus acris_ (buttercups), abundant at Smith’s dam, Chesuncook, 1853. _Rubus triflorus_ (dwarf raspberry), low grounds and swamps, common.

_Utricularia vulgaris_* (greater bladderwort), Pushaw.

_Iris versicolor_ (larger blue flag), common, Moosehead, West Branch, Umbazookskus, etc. _Sparganium_ (bur-reed).

_Calla palustris_ (water-arum), in bloom July 27, 1857, Mud Pond Swamp.

_Lobelia cardinalis_ (cardinal-flower), apparently common, but out of bloom August, 1857. _Cerastium nutans_ (clammy wild chickweed) (?

).

_Gaultheria procumbens_ (checkerberry), prevailing everywhere in woods along banks of rivers.

_Stellaria media_* (common chickweed), Bangor.

_Chiogenes hispidula_ (creeping snowberry), very common in woods.

_Cicuta maculata_ (water hemlock).

_Cicuta bulbifera_ (bulb-bearing water hemlock), Penobscot and Chesuncook shore, 1853. _Galium trifidum_ (small bed-straw), common.

_Galium Aparine_ (cleavers) (?

), Chesuncook, 1853. _Galium_, one kind on Pine Stream, 1853. _Trifolium pratense_ (red clover), on carries, etc. _Actæa spicata_, var.

_alba_ (white cohosh), Chesuncook woods, 1853, and East Branch, 1857. _Actæa_, var.

_rubra_ (red cohosh), East Branch, 1857. _Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa_ (cow-berry), Ktaadn, very abundant.

_Cornus Canadensis_ (dwarf cornel), in woods Chesuncook, 1853; just ripe at Kineo, July 24, 1857, common; still in bloom, Moosehead Carry, September 16, 1853. _Medeola Virginica_ (Indian cucumber-root), West Branch and Chesuncook woods.

_Dalibarda repens_ (dalibarda), Moosehead Carry and after, common.

In flower still, August 1, 1857. _Taraxacum Dens-leonis_ (common dandelion), Smith’s, 1853; only there.

Is it not foreign?

_Diervilla trifida_ (bush honeysuckle), very common.